Nutr Res Pract.  2015 Dec;9(6):619-627. 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.6.619.

Effects of natural raw meal (NRM) on high-fat diet and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice

• Shin SH
• Song JL
• Park MG
• Park MH
• Hwang SJ
• Park KY

• KMID: 2313886
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2015.9.6.619

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Colitis is a serious health problem, and chronic obesity is associated with the progression of colitis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of natural raw meal (NRM) on high-fat diet (HFD, 45%) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2% w/v)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice.
MATERIALS/METHODS
Body weight, colon length, and colon weight-to-length ratio, were measured directly. Serum levels of obesity-related biomarkers, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined using commercial kits. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 were detected using a commercial ELISA kit. Histological study was performed using a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining assay. Colonic mRNA expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by RT-PCR assay.
RESULTS
Body weight and obesity-related biomarkers (TG, TC, LDL, HDL, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin) were regulated and obesity was prevented in NRM treated mice. NRM significantly suppressed colon shortening and reduced colon weight-to-length ratio in HFD+DSS induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.05). Histological observations suggested that NRM reduced edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by HFD and DSS. In addition, NRM decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 and inhibited the mRNA expressions of these cytokines, and iNOS and COX-2 in colon mucosa (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that NRM has an anti-inflammatory effect against HFD and DSS-induced colitis in mice, and that these effects are due to the amelioration of HFD and/or DSS-induced inflammatory reactions.

Keyword

Natural raw meal (NRM); anti-inflammation; cytokines; iNOS; COX-2

MeSH Terms

Adiponectin
Animals
Biomarkers
Body Weight
Cholesterol
Colitis
Colitis, Ulcerative*
Colon
Cyclooxygenase 2
Cytokines
Dextran Sulfate*
Dextrans*
Diet, High-Fat*
Edema
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Eosine Yellowish-(YS)
Hematoxylin
Insulin
Interleukin-6
Interleukins
Leptin
Lipoproteins
Meals*
Mice*
Mucous Membrane
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
Obesity
RNA, Messenger
Triglycerides
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Ulcer*
Adiponectin
Cholesterol
Cyclooxygenase 2
Cytokines
Dextran Sulfate
Dextrans
Eosine Yellowish-(YS)
Hematoxylin
Insulin
Interleukin-6
Interleukins
Leptin
Lipoproteins
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
RNA, Messenger
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Effects of NRM on body weights of mice treated with HFD (45%) and/or DSS. Norm.: normal control mice; HFD: mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45%); DSS: mice treated with DSS (2%) and a normal diet; HFD+DSS: mice treated with HFD and DSS; HFD+DSS+NL: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 30% NRM in diet; HFD+DSS+NH: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 70% NRM in diet. Results are presented as mean ± SD. Superscript with different letters on 8th week are significantly different (P < 0.05) based on Duncan's multiple range test.

• 

  Fig. 2 Effects of NRM on colon length and colon weight-to-length ratio in HFD (45%) and/or DSS-treated mice. Norm.: normal control mice; HFD: mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45%); DSS: mice treated with DSS (2%) and a normal diet; HFD+DSS: mice treated with HFD and DSS; HFD+DSS+NL: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 30% NRM in diet; HFD+DSS+NH: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 70% NRM in diet. Superscript with different letters on the bars are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.

• 

  Fig. 3 Histological observations of colon tissue damage in mice treated with NRM, HFD (45%), and/or DSS The arrow (→) indicates specific points of inflammation. Norm.: normal control mice; HFD: treated with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45%); DSS: mice treated with DSS (2%) and a normal diet; HFD+DSS: mice treated with HFD and DSS; HFD+DSS+NL: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 30% NRM in diet; HFD+DSS+NH: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 70% NRM in diet.

• 

  Fig. 4 Effect of NRM on the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in HFD (45%) and/or DSS-treated mice. Norm.: normal control mice; HFD: mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45%); DSS: mice treated with DSS (2%) and a normal diet; HFD+DSS: mice treated with HFD and DSS; HFD+DSS+NL: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 30% NRM in diet; HFD+DSS+NH: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 70% NRM in diet. Superscript with different letters on the bars are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.

• 

  Fig. 5 Effect of NRM on the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 of HFD (45%) and/or DSS-treated mice. Norm.: normal control mice; HFD: mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45%); DSS: mice treated with DSS (2%) and a normal diet; HFD+DSS: mice treated with HFD and DSS; HFD+DSS+NL: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 30% NRM in diet; HFD+DSS+NH: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 70% NRM in diet. Band intensities were measured using a densitometer and are expressed as folds of the control (HFD+DSS treated groups). Fold ratio: Gene expression / β-actin × control numerical value (Control fold ratio = 1). Superscript with different letters on the bars are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.

• 

  Fig. 6 Effect of NRM on the mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 in the colon tissues of HFD (45%) and/or DSS-treated mice. Norm.: normal control mice; HFD: mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45%); DSS: mice treated with DSS (2%) and a normal diet; HFD+DSS: mice treated with HFD and DSS; HFD+DSS+NL: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 30% NRM in diet; HFD+DSS+NH: mice treated with HFD and DSS with 70% NRM in diet. Band intensities were measured using a densitometer and are expressed as folds of control (HFD+DSS treated groups). Fold ratio: Gene expression / β-actin × control numerical value (Control fold ratio = 1). Superscript with different letters on the bars are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test.

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