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Review of the external carotid plexus: anatomy, function, and clinical manifestations

Razipour SE, Zarrintan S, Mathkour M, Iwanaga J, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS

The external carotid plexus is a combination of postganglionic sympathetic fibers derived from the superior cervical ganglion. This plexus travels along the external carotid artery and continues onto the artery’s...
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Large-scale functional brain networks for consciousness

Han ME, Park SY, Oh SO

The generation and maintenance of consciousness are fundamental but difficult subjects in the fields of psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, and medicine. However, recent developments in neuro-imaging techniques coupled with network analysis...
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Bicipital origin and the course of the plantaris muscle

Heo Y, Lee H, Hwang SJ

The plantaris muscle (PM) has a small fusiform muscle belly and a long slender tendon sandwiched between the soleus (SM) and gastrocnemius muscle (GM). During routine dissection for research, an...
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Gross and radiographic appearance of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia in thalassemia affected skulls

Chaichun A, Yurasakpong L, Suwannakhan A, Iamsaard S, Arun S, Chaiyamoon A

Porotic hyperostosis (PH) is the expansion of the cranial diploë, generating ‘hair-on-end’ appearance on X-rays. This condition is extremely rare and had a prevalence of 0.08%. It is alternatively known...
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Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke and diabetes: the underlying link, mechanisms and future possible therapeutic targets

Wicha P, Das S, Mahakkanukrauh P

Ischemic stroke caused by occlusion of cerebral artery is responsible for the majority of stroke that increases the morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a crucial risk factor...
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A rare variation of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Mansour Y, Kulesza R

The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides innervation to the parotid gland, carotid body/sinus, mucosa of the middle ear, tongue and oropharynx and the stylopharyngeus muscle. The vagus nerve provides innervation...
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Role of agmatine in the application of neural progenitor cell in central nervous system diseases: therapeutic potentials and effects

Kosonen R, Barua S, Kim JY, Lee JE

Agmatine, the primary decarboxylation product of L-arginine, generated from arginine decarboxylase. Since the discovery of agmatine in the mammalian brain in the 1990s, an increasing number of agmatine-mediated effects have...
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Comparison of decomposition rate of hind limbs of preserved mice with ethanol-glycerin and formaldehyde of advanced fixative solution

Wijaya AN, Margiana R, Kusumaningtyas S, Furqonita D

Learning anatomy in medical school is still closely based on the use of cadavers. The burial of preserved cadaver poses a problem, specifically, it contaminates the soil with formalin. Many...
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Comparative study of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles between wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus): revisiting the gross anatomy

Magalhães HIR, Barcelos JB, Romão FB, Borges TRJ, Carvalho-Barros RAd, Miglino MA, e Silva FOC, Ribeiro LdA

Considering Suidae Familie as a perfect and viable experimental biomedical model for research applied to human medicine, it has been sought to describe the comparative anatomy of the digastric and...
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Prevalence of the anatomical variations of concha bullosa and its relation with sinusitis among Saudi population: a computed tomography scan study

El-Din WAN, Madani GA, Fattah IOA, Mahmoud E, Essawy AS

Concha bullosa (CB) is a pneumatic cavitation inside a concha in the nasal cavity. It is one of the most widely recognized nasal variations and is mostly found in the...
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Osteochondrosis dissecans in glenoid cavity of Korean War casualty’s scapula

Lee H, Koh K, Cha M, Namkoong T, Park SJ, Lee DH, Kim JE, Shin DH

Since the first description of this disease in 1887, there are rare reports on osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) found in the glenoid cavity by way of anthropological studies. During an excavation...
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Metformin treatment confers protection of the optic nerve following photoreceptor degeneration

Eltony SA, Mohaseb HS, Sayed MM, Ahmed AA

Acquired or inherited or photoreceptor loss causes retinal ganglion cell loss and ultimately axonal transport alteration. Thus, therapies should be applied early during photoreceptors degeneration before the remodeling process reaches...
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Microscopic features of the rat adrenal gland associated with chronic codeine phosphate administration

Ongidi IH, Abdulsalaam FY, Amuti TM, Kaisha WO, Awori KO, Pulei AN

Codeine is an opioid analgesic and antitussive that has been widely abused. Some adverse effects noted with its abuse include adrenocortical insufficiency and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The structural...
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Relationship of the fabella with the origins of the plantaris and gastrocnemius lateral head muscles in late-term fetuses: a histological study

Jin ZW, Kim JH, Suzuki D, Sugai N, Murakami G, Abe H, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF

Previous studies of midterm fetuses indicated that a cartilaginous fabella appeared to be embedded in the plantaris (PL), and was fused with the gastrocnemius lateral head (GL). We re-examined the...
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Fetal development of the carotid canal with special reference to a contribution of the sphenoid bone and pharyngotympanic tube

Honkura Y, Yamamoto M, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Murakam G, Abe H, Abe Si, Katori Y

The bony carotid canal is a tube-like bone with a rough surface in contrast to smooth surfaces of the other parts of the temporal bone petrosal portion (petrosa): it takes...
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Dimensions of pes anserinus of the lower extremity, an anatomical study with its surgical implications

Vadgaonkar R, Prameela M, Kumar CG, Blossom V, Tonse M, Murlimanju B, Pai MM, Prabhu LV

The reconstructive surgeries utilize pes anserinus (PA) tendons, because of their lesser post-operative clinical deficits and donor site morbidity. These surgeries require anatomical knowledge about the extent of PA formation....
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Alterations of Kiss 1 receptor, GnRH receptor and nuclear receptors of the hypothalamopituitary-ovarian axis following low dose bisphenol-A exposure in Wistar rats

Kadir ER, Imam A, Olajide OJ, Ajao MS

Bisphenol A is a chemical used primarily as a monomer in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It is a synthetic chemical compound that is produced in billions...
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The amelioration of nicotine-induced reproductive impairment in male mouse by Sambucus ebulus L. fruit extract

Mohammadghasemi F, Khanaki K, Moravati H, Faghani M

Nicotine as a toxic agent in cigarette smoke impairs the reproductive system. Sambucus ebulus extract (SEE) is shown to have some beneficial effects such as antioxidant properties. The aim of...
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Fabella and patella variants: radiographic prevalence, distribution and clinical relevance in a population of black African descent

Adedigba JA, Idowu BM, Hermans SP, Okwori OF, Onigbinde SO, Oluwadiya KS, Amoako AA, Weidenhaft MC

To evaluate the radiographic characteristics and prevalence of fabella and patella variants in an indigenous African population. This retrospective observational study of orthogonal knee radiographs of 377 consecutive subjects was...
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