Clin Nutr Res.  2017 Jul;6(3):172-182. 10.7762/cnr.2017.6.3.172.

The Association between Food Group Consumption Patterns and Early Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Non-Diabetic Healthy People

• Yeo R
• Yoon SR
• Kim OY

• KMID: 2385622
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2017.6.3.172

Abstract

We investigated the association between dietary habits/food group consumption patterns and early risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a main cause for metabolic disease. Study participants were recruited from the health promotion center in Dong-A University Hospital and public advertisement. Study subjects (n = 243, 21-80 years) were categorized into three groups: Super-healthy (MetS risk factor [MetS RF] = 0, n = 111), MetS-risk carriers (MetS RF = 1-2, n = 96), and MetS (MetS RF ≥ 3, n = 27). Higher regularity in dietary habits (breakfast-everyday, regular eating time, non-frequent overeating, and non-frequent eating-out) was observed in the Super-healthy group than in the MetS-risk carriers, and particularly in the MetS subjects. The relationship between food group consumption patterns and MetS-risk related parameters were investigated with adjustment for confounding factors. Fruit consumption was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol, and tended to be negatively associated with waist circumference, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and insulin resistance (IR). The consumption of low-fat meats and fish, and vegetables was negatively associated with hs-CRP. Specifically, the consumption of sea-foods belonging to the low-fat fish was negatively associated with fasting glucose, hs-CRP, and interleukin (IL)-6. Anchovy/dried white baits consumption was negatively associated with fasting insulin and IR. Green-yellow vegetables consumption was negatively associated with fasting insulin, IR, and hs-CRP. On the other hand, sugars and fast-foods were positively associated with LDL-cholesterol. Additionally, fast-foods consumption was positively associated with hs-CRP and IL-6 levels. In conclusion, dietary habits/food group consumption patterns are closely associated with MetS-risk related parameters in Koreans. It may suggest useful information to educate people to properly select healthy foods for early prevention of MetS.

Keyword

Dietary habit; Food group consumption pattern; Metabolic syndrome; Inflammation

MeSH Terms

Carbohydrates
Eating
Fasting
Food Habits
Fruit
Glucose
Hand
Health Promotion
Hyperphagia
Inflammation
Insulin
Insulin Resistance
Interleukin-6
Interleukins
Meat
Metabolic Diseases
Risk Factors
Seafood
Triglycerides
Vegetables
Waist Circumference
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Insulin
Interleukin-6
Interleukins

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Adiposity and inflammation according to MetS risk status and fast-food intake level. Data are means ± SE. p0, unadjusted p value; p1, p value adjusted for age and sex; p2, p value adjusted for age, sex, total calorie intake, cigarette smoking, and alcohol drinking; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SE, standard error; ANOVA, analysis of variance. *Tested after log-transformed; †Tested by 1-way ANOVA with Bonferroni method or general linear model with adjustment.

Reference

1. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC Jr. International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; Hational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009; 120:1640–1645.

2. Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Beaver Dam. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25:1790–1794.

3. Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:1769–1778.

4. Micucci C, Valli D, Matacchione G, Catalano A. Current perspectives between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Oncotarget. 2016; 7:38959–38972.

5. Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Gao Q, Lim ML, Collinson SL, Chong MS, Lim WS, Lee TS, Yap P, Yap KB. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia: follow-up of the Singapore longitudinal ageing study cohort. JAMA Neurol. 2016; 73:456–463.

6. Feng RN, Du SS, Wang C, Li YC, Liu LY, Guo FC, Sun CH. Lean-non-alcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk for metabolic disorders in a normal weight Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20:17932–17940.

7. O'Neill S, O'Driscoll L. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev. 2015; 16:1–12.

8. Choi JH, Woo HD, Lee JH, Kim J. Dietary patterns and risk for metabolic syndrome in Korean women: a cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015; 94:e1424.

9. Lim S, Shin H, Song JH, Kwak SH, Kang SM, Won Yoon J, Choi SH, Cho SI, Park KS, Lee HK, Jang HC, Koh KK. Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1998–2007. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:1323–1328.

10. Eapen D, Kalra GL, Merchant N, Arora A, Khan BV. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in South Asians. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009; 5:731–743.

11. Al Thani M, Al Thani AA, Al-Chetachi W, Al Malki B, Khalifa SA, Haj Bakri A, Hwalla N, Nasreddine L, Naja FA. ‘High Risk’ lifestyle pattern is associated with metabolic syndrome among Qatari women of reproductive age: a cross-sectional national study. Int J Mol Sci. 2016; 17:E698.

12. Martínez-González MA, Martín-Calvo N. The major European dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2013; 14:265–271.

13. Pot GK, Hardy R, Stephen AM. Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort. Int J Obes. 2014; 38:1518–1524.

14. Zhu B, Haruyama Y, Muto T, Yamazaki T. Association between eating speed and metabolic syndrome in a three-year population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol. 2015; 25:332–336.

15. Woo HD, Shin A, Kim J. Dietary patterns of Korean adults and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e111593.

16. Chung SJ, Lee Y, Lee S, Choi K. Breakfast skipping and breakfast type are associated with daily nutrient intakes and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Nutr Res Pract. 2015; 9:288–295.

17. Lee S, Ko BJ, Gong Y, Han K, Lee A, Han BD, Yoon YJ, Park S, Kim JH, Mantzoros CS. Self-reported eating speed in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. Eur J Nutr. 2016; 55:327–333.

18. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106:3143–3421.

19. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985; 28:412–419.

20. Choi ES, Rhee EJ, Kim JH, Won JC, Park CY, Lee WY, Oh KW, Park SW, Kim SW. Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion determined by homeostasis model assessment and future risk of diabetes mellitus in Korean men. Korean Diabetes J. 2008; 32:498–505.

21. Odegaard AO, Jacobs DR Jr, Steffen LM, Van Horn L, Ludwig DS, Pereira MA. Breakfast frequency and development of metabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36:3100–3106.

22. Shin A, Lim SY, Sung J, Shin HR, Kim J. Dietary intake, eating habits, and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109:633–640.

23. Ohta Y, Tsuchihashi T, Arakawa K, Onaka U, Ueno M. Prevalence and lifestyle characteristics of hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome followed at an outpatient clinic in Fukuoka, Japan. Hypertens Res. 2007; 30:1077–1082.

24. Nanri H, Nakamura K, Hara M, Higaki Y, Imaizumi T, Taguchi N, Sakamoto T, Horita M, Shinchi K, Tanaka K. Association between dietary pattern and serum C-reactive protein in Japanese men and women. J Epidemiol. 2011; 21:122–131.

25. Kim MK, Chon SJ, Noe EB, Roh YH, Yun BH, Cho S, Choi YS, Lee BS, Seo SK. Associations of dietary calcium intake with metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density among the Korean population: KNHANES 2008–2011. Osteoporos Int. 2017; 28:299–308.

26. Conceição EP, Moura EG, Soares PN, Ai XX, Figueiredo MS, Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. High calcium diet improves the liver oxidative stress and microsteatosis in adult obese rats that were overfed during lactation. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016; 92:245–255.

27. Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Jenny NS, Jiang R, Herrington DM, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83:1369–1379.

28. Cook LT, O'Reilly GA, Goran MI, Weigensberg MJ, Spruijt-Metz D, Davis JN. Vegetable consumption is linked to decreased visceral and liver fat and improved insulin resistance in overweight Latino youth. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014; 114:1776–1783.

29. Oh IM, Joung HJ, Oh SW, Yoon YS, Yoo KH, Park JE, Park JS, Jang EJ, Park SJ, Park SW, Kim SJ, Baik HW. Relationship of combined consumption of rice and kimchi, Korean traditional diet and the risk of metabolic syndrome in healthy Korean volunteers. J Korean Soc Parenter Enter Nutr. 2013; 5:110–116.

30. Lee H, Kim DY, Lee MA, Jang JY, Choue R. Immunomodulatory effects of kimchi in Chinese healthy college students: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr Res. 2014; 3:98–105.

31. Oh JS, Kim H, Vijayakumar A, Kwon O, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Chang N. Association between dietary flavanones intake and lipid profiles according to the presence of metabolic syndrome in Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Res Pract. 2016; 10:67–73.

32. Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Moslehi N, Bastan S, Azizi F. Colors of fruits and vegetables and 3-year changes of cardiometabolic risk factors in adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015; 69:1215–1219.

33. Park S, Ham JO, Lee BK. Effects of total vitamin A, vitamin C, and fruit intake on risk for metabolic syndrome in Korean women and men. Nutrition. 2015; 31:111–118.

34. Stanhope KL, Bremer AA, Medici V, Nakajima K, Ito Y, Nakano T, Chen G, Fong TH, Lee V, Menorca RI, Keim NL, Havel PJ. Consumption of fructose and high fructose corn syrup increase postprandial triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein-B in young men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:E1596–E1605.

35. Aeberli I, Gerber PA, Hochuli M, Kohler S, Haile SR, Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK, Spinas GA, Berneis K. Low to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glucose and lipid metabolism and promotes inflammation in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 94:479–485.

36. Maersk M, Belza A, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Ringgaard S, Chabanova E, Thomsen H, Pedersen SB, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012; 95:283–289.

37. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Golzarand M, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Azizi F. Fast food consumption in Iranian adults; dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Arch Iran Med. 2012; 15:346–351.

38. Marlatt KL, Farbakhsh K, Dengel DR, Lytle LA. Breakfast and fast food consumption are associated with selected biomarkers in adolescents. Prev Med Rep. 2015; 3:49–52.

39. Anderson B, Rafferty AP, Lyon-Callo S, Fussman C, Imes G. Fast-food consumption and obesity among Michigan adults. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011; 8:A71.

40. El-Seweidy MM, Hashem RM, Abo-El-matty DM, Mohamed RH. Frequent inadequate supply of micronutrients in fast food induces oxidative stress and inflammation in testicular tissues of weanling rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008; 60:1237–1242.