Anat Cell Biol.  2010 Jun;43(2):125-131. 10.5115/acb.2010.43.2.125.

Effects of hyaluronan on carrageenan-induced synovitis in rat TMJ

• Lee MJ
• Han KJ
• Kwon HJ
• Jung HS
• Cho SW

• KMID: 2168885
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2010.43.2.125

Abstract

Nitric oxide is one of many proinflammatory mediators that are involved in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammatory disorder and is synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). iNOS is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in cases of inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. It has also been reported that nitric oxide is positively regulated by carrageenan and negatively regulated by hyaluronan in the knee joint. The aim of this study was to histologically evaluate how inflammation and cell proliferation of the synovial membrane are affected by the exogenous administration of carrageenan and hyaluronan in the rat TMJ by investigating iNOS, NF-kappaB, and anti proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity. As results, immunoreactive cells to iNOS, NF-kappaB, and PCNA were normally localized only in the synovial membrane of wild type TMJs. The numbers of immunoreactive cells were extensively larger in the carrageenan-injected synovial membranes exhibiting excessive folding, and smaller in the hyaluronan-injected synovial membranes showing a few folds. These results indicate that a carrageenan injection induced inflammation and cell proliferation especially in the synovial membrane and that hyaluronan relieved the inflammation by decreasing inflammatory molecules in the synovial membrane.

Keyword

Hyaluronan; Carrageenan; TMJ; iNOS; NF-kappaB

MeSH Terms

Animals
Apoptosis
Carrageenan
Cell Proliferation
Hyaluronic Acid
Inflammation
Knee Joint
NF-kappa B
Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
Rats
Synovial Membrane
Synovitis
Temporomandibular Joint
Carrageenan
Hyaluronic Acid
NF-kappa B
Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity at the synovial membrane. The upper joint cavity (ujc) and lower joint cavity (ljc) are separated by the articular disc (ad). (A and B) Wild type temporomandibular joint (TMJ) shows brown-colored immunoreactive cells at the synovial membrane in the posterior portion of the upper joint cavity. The saline-injected TMJ (Saline) shares the iNOS localization pattern with the wild type TMJ. A small fold is observed in the synovial membrane of the wild type and saline-injected TMJs (black arrow). (C) A large fold (black arrowhead), including many iNOS immunopositive cells is observed in the carrageenan-injected TMJ (Carr). (D) A few small folds (white arrows) are found in the TMJ injected with carrageenan followed by hyaluronan (Carr+Hyal). The number of immunoreactive cells in the fold is less than that of the carrageenan-injected TMJs. Scale bar: 500 µm. con: condyle.

• 

  Fig. 2 Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) immunoreactivity at the synovial membrane. (A and B) Wild type and saline-injected TMJs show a small fold (black arrow) and brown-colored immunoreactive cells at the synovial membrane in the posterior portion of the upper joint cavity. The NF-κB localizing pattern in wild type TMJs is almost the same as that in saline-injected TMJs. (C) A large fold (black arrowhead), including many NF-κB immunopositive cells, can be seen in the carrageenan-injected TMJ (Carr). (D) Three small folds (white arrows) in a TMJ synovial membrane injected with carrageenan and hyaluronan (Carr+Hyal). The number of immunoreactive cells in the fold is less than that of the carrageenan-injected TMJ. Scale bar: 500 µm.

• 

  Fig. 3 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity at the synovial membrane of the upper joint cavity. (A~H) PCNA immunopositive cells (black arrows) were detected in the posterior-superior synovial membrane. (C, G) PCNA immunoreactive cells were localized in a large area of the synovial membrane in the carrageenan-injected TMJs (Carr). (D, H) The number of PCNA immunoreactive cells in the TMJ synovial membranes injected with carrageenan and hyaluronan (Carr+Hyal) is less than that of carrageenan-injected TMJs. Scale Bars: 100 µm.

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