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The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial infections. Innate immunity is made up of the surface barrier, cellular immunity and humoral immunity. In newborn, immunologic...
Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease with several phenotypes. Most studies have focused on allergic asthma associated with allergen sensitization and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, nonallergic asthma...
The importance of innate immunity in host defense is becoming clear after discovery of innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptor or Nod-like receptor. Innate immune system plays an important...
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disease, and variousfactors, such as inflammation, infection, fungus, and superantigens, have been proposed to play crucial roles in its pathogenesis. Recently, the...
The immune response of transplanted grafts has been considered to be within the realm of the adaptive immune system. Recently, with the discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the role...
The immune system is comprised of cells and molecules whose collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substance is referred to as the immune response. Defense against microbes...
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading microorganisms and does not require the memory or lymphocytic clonal expansion. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in this...
MHC class II has long been known to play a classical role in antigen presentation and to act as a signal transducer capable of inducing the adaptive immunity needed to...
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by persistent symptomatic inflammation of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa resulting from the interaction of multiple host and environmental factors. Although the etiology of...
Innate lymphoid cells have recently been identified to be a cell population that has morphology typical of lymphocytes but lacks rearranged antigen receptors. It can be classified into RORgammat innate...
The functions of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been known to play an important role in immunity and immune responses. ILCs are rapidly-responding cells that are involved in tissue remodeling,...
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity are two major immune responses against pathogens. Innate immunity is responsible for the immediate immune response to pathogens. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role...
The intestinal immune system has an ability to distinguish between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria, and then activate pro-inflammatory pathways against pathogens for host defense while remaining unresponsive to the...
Antimicrobial peptides/proteins are ancient and naturallyoccurring antibiotics in innate immune responses in a variety of organisms. Additionally, these peptides have been recognized as important signaling molecules in regulation of both...
Preeclampsia(PE) remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of intense research on the problem, there is no early pregnancy screening test to recognize those...
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-characterized membrane-bound receptors in innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. Upon recognition of specific ligands originating from pathogen- and modified self-derived molecules, TLRs...
Mucosal vaccination, capable of inducing protective immune responses both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments, has many advantages and is regarded as a blue ocean in the vaccine industry....