Perinatology.  2017 Sep;28(3):79-91. 10.14734/PN.2017.28.3.79.

Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via Modulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase on Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats

• Lee SG
• Lee EJ
• Kim WT

• KMID: 2392428
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.14734/PN.2017.28.3.79

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Erythropoietin (EPO) has neuroprotective effects in many animal models of brain injury including hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy, trauma- and excitotoxicity. Current studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of EPO, but there are limited the same consequences occurring during neonatal periods. Here, we investigated whether recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) can protect the developing rat brain from HI injury via the modulation of nitric oxide synthase.
METHODS
The in vitro model involved culturing embryonic cortical neuronal cells of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 19 days gestation. The cultured cells were divided into five groups: normoxia (N), hypoxia (H), 1, 10 and 100 IU/mL rHuEPO-treated (H+E1, H+E10, and H+E100). In the in vivo model, left carotid artery ligation was performed in 7-day-old SD rat pups. The animals were divided into six groups: normoxia control, normoxia Sham-operated, hypoxia only (H), hypoxia+vehicle, hypoxia+ rHuEPO before a hypoxic insult (HE-B), and hypoxia+rHuEPO after a hypoxic insult (HE-A). Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction using antibodies and primers of inducible NOS (iNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) were performed.
RESULTS
The rHuEPO-treated group in the in vitro model showed increased expressions of iNOS and eNOS and decreased expression of nNOS compared to those of the H group. In the HE-A and HE-B groups of the in vivo model of the, the results were similar as aforementioned.
CONCLUSION
rHuEPO exerts neuroprotective properties over perinatal HI brain injuries through the modulation of nitric oxide synthase.

Keyword

Erythropoietin; Nitric oxide synthase; Hypoxia-ischemia; Brain

MeSH Terms

Animals
Anoxia
Antibodies
Blotting, Western
Brain Diseases
Brain Injuries*
Brain*
Carotid Arteries
Cells, Cultured
Erythropoietin*
Humans*
In Vitro Techniques
Ligation
Models, Animal
Neurons
Neuroprotective Agents*
Nitric Oxide Synthase*
Nitric Oxide*
Pregnancy
Rats*
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Antibodies
Erythropoietin
Neuroprotective Agents
Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide Synthase

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 High magnification (×200) photomicrographs of brain cortical cell culture from a pregnant 19 days Sprague-Dawley rat were revealed. The recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was administered at 1, 10, and 100 IU/mL. (A) Normoxia group (N), (B) hypoxia group (H), (C) hypoxia+1 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group (H+E1), (D) hypoxia+10 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group (H+E10), (E) hypoxia+100 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group (H+E100).

• 

  Fig. 2 The recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) attenuates hypoxic injury of rat brain. Cultured embryonic cortical neuronal cells were prepared with rHuEPO for 30 min before a hypoxic insult. Cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. N, normoxia group; H, hypoxia group; H+E1, hypoxia+1 IU/mL rHuEPO-treated group; H+ E10, hypoxia+10 IU/mL rHuEPO-treated group; H+E100, hypoxia +100 IU/mL rHuEPO-treated group. ∗P<0.01 for the H group compared to the N group. †P<0.01 for the H+E1 and H+E10 groups compared to the H group. ‡P<0.05 for the H+E100 group compared to the H group.

• 

  Fig. 3 Western blotting of (A) nNOS, (B) eNOS, and (C) iNOS in cultured cortical neuronal cells from 19-day-old rat embryos was revealed. The recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was administered at 1, 10, 100 IU/mL. N, normoxia group; H, hypoxia group; H+E1, hypoxia+1 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group; H+E10, hypoxia+10 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group; H+E100, hypoxia+100 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group. nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase. ∗P<0.05 for the H group compared to the N group. †P<0.05, ‡P<0.05 for the H+E1, H+E10, and H+E100 groups compared to the H group.

• 

  Fig. 4 Real-time PCR of (A) nNOS, (B) eNOS, and (C) iNOS in cultured cortical neuronal cells from 19-day-old rat embryos was revealed. The recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was administered at 1, 10, 100 IU/mL. N, normoxia group; H, hypoxia group; H+ E1, hypoxia+1 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group; H+E10, hypoxia+10 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group; H+E100, hypoxia+100 IU/mL rHuEPO treated group. nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase. ∗P<0.01 for the H group compared to the N group. ‡P<0.05, †P<0.01 for the H+E1, H+E10, and H+E100 groups compared to the H group.

• 

  Fig. 5 (A) H&E staining. (a) normoxia control group, (b) normoxia sham-operated group, (c) hypoxia group, (d) hypoxia+vehicle group, (e) hypoxia+recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO)-treated group before a hypoxic insult, (f) hypoxia+rHuEPO-treated group after a hypoxic insult (n=5 in each group). (B) Area ratio of left/right hemispheres. NC, normoxia control group; NS, normoxia sham-operated group; H, hypoxia group; HV, hypoxia+vehicle group; HE-B, hypoxia+rHuEPO group treated before a hypoxic insult; HE-A, hypoxia+rHuEPO group treated after a hypoxic insult. ∗P<0.01 for the H, HV groups compared to the NC, NS groups. †P<0.01 for the HE-B, HE-A groups compared to the H, HV groups.

• 

  Fig. 6 Western blotting of (A) nNOS, (B) eNOS, and (C) iNOS at 7 days after a hypoxic injury was revealed. The recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was administered at 1,000 IU/kg. nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase. NC, normoxia control group; NS, normoxia sham-operated group; H, hypoxia group; HV, hypoxia+vehicle group; HE-B, hypoxia+rHuEPO group treated before a hypoxic insult; HE-A, hypoxia+rHuEPO group treated after a hypoxic insult. ∗P<0.05, †P<0.01 for the H, HV groups compared to the NC, NS groups; ‡P <0.05, §P<0.01 for the HE-B, HE-A groups compared to the H, HV groups.

• 

  Fig. 7 Real-time PCR of (A) nNOS, (B) eNOS, and (C) iNOS at 7 days after a hypoxic injury was revealed. The recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was administered at 1,000 IU/kg. nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NC, normoxia control group; NS, normoxia sham-operated group; H, hypoxia group; HV, hypoxia+vehicle group; HE-B, hypoxia+rHuEPO group treated before a hypoxic insult; HE-A, hypoxia+rHuEPO group treated after a hypoxic insult. ∗P< 0.01 for the H, HV groups compared to the NC, NS groups. †P<0.05. ‡P<0.01 for the HE-B, HE-A groups compared to the H, HV groups.

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