Clin Nutr Res.  2012 Jul;1(1):58-65. 10.7762/cnr.2012.1.1.58.

Short-Term Effects of Ratio of Energy Nutrients on Appetite-Related Hormones in Female College Students

• Kim SJ
• Lee H
• Choue R

• KMID: 2279753
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2012.1.1.58

Abstract

Understanding the relationship between energy nutrients compositions in a diet and appetite-controlling substances is essential for providing sound advice to anyone attempting to control body weight. Appetite is known to be affected by various hormones, ghrelin and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), which are related to the compositions of a diet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of compositions of energy nutrients in the diet on the levels of postprandial appetite-related hormones and satiety in healthy adult women. Ten subjects (BMI: 18.5-22.9 kg/m2) were recruited and assigned to three iso-coloric breakfast meals with different compositions of energy nutrients, regular meal (RM, CHO: 60%, Pro: 20%, Fat: 20%), high protein meal (HPM, CHO: 30%, Pro: 50%, Fat: 20%), and high fat meal (HFM, CHO: 30%, Pro: 20%, Fat: 50%). Blood levels of ghrelin, PYY, insulin and leptin and satiety were assessed at baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min following the consumption of each meal. There was no significant difference in the fasting blood hormones among the subjects taking each meals at baseline. Blood levels of ghrelin and insulin changed significantly following the consumption of each meal (p<0.05) over time, however no significant difference was shown between experimental meals until 180 min. Blood levels of PYY and leptin were not changed following the ingestion of each meals. In conclusion, the composition of energy nutrients in a diet had no effect on the postprandial plasma levels of ghrelin, PYY, insulin and leptin as well as satiety in healthy adult women.

Keyword

Appetite; Diet; Ghrelin; Peptide YY; Insulin; Leptin; Satiation

MeSH Terms

Adult
Appetite
Body Weight
Breakfast
Diet
Eating
Fasting
Female*
Ghrelin
Humans
Insulin
Leptin
Meals
Peptide YY
Plasma
Satiation
Ghrelin
Insulin
Leptin
Peptide YY

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Comparison of nutrient intakes with KDRIs. KDRIs: Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans.

• 

  Figure 2 Percentage changes of (A) ghrelin, (B) PYY, (C) insulin, and (D) leptin for 3 hours after taking experimental meals. RM: regular meal, HPM: high protein meal, HFM: high fat meal. Values are mean ± SE. *Significantly different from baseline (0 min), as determined by paired t-test (p < 0.05).

• 

  Figure 3 Changes of (A) hunger, (B) fullness and (C) desire to eat for 3 hours after taking experimental meals. RM: regular meal, HPM: high protein meal, HFM: high fat meal. Values are mean SE. *Significantly different from baseline (0 min), as determined by paired t-test (p < 0.05).

Reference

1. Read N, French S, Cunningham K. The role of the gut in regulating food intake in man. Nutr Rev. 1994. 52:1–10.

2. Jéquier E, Tappy L. Regulation of body weight in humans. Physiol Rev. 1999. 79:451–480.

3. Havel PJ. Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: Short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001. 226:963–977.

4. Blom WA, Lluch A, Stafleu A, Vinoy S, Holst JJ, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HF. Effect of a high-protein breakfast on the postprandial ghrelin response. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006. 83:211–220.

5. Helou N, Obeid O, Azar ST, Hwalla N. Variation of postprandial PYY 3-36 response following ingestion of differing macronutrient meals in obese females. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008. 52:188–195.

6. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999. 402:656–660.

7. Tschöp M, Wawarta R, Riepl RL, Friedrich S, Bidlingmaier M, Landgraf R, Folwaczny C. Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001. 24:RC19–RC21.

8. Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Brynes AE, Frost GS, Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001. 86:5992–5995.

9. Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Fuessl HS, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology. 1985. 89:1070–1077.

10. Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Høst U, Kelbaek H, Schifter S, Rehfeld JF, Faber J, Christensen NJ. Influence of meal composition on postprandial peripheral plasma concentrations of vasoactive peptides in man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1996. 56:497–503.

11. Anderson GH, Moore SE. Dietary proteins in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans. J Nutr. 2004. 134:974–979.

12. Blom WA, Stafleu A, de Graaf C, Kok FJ, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HF. Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to Insulin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005. 81:367–375.

13. Van Strien T, Frijters J, van Staveren W, Defares P, Deurenberg P. The predictive validity of the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale. Int J Eat Disord. 1986. 5:747–755.

14. Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000. 24:38–48.

15. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. 2010. Seoul: Hanarum Publishers.

16. The Fourth National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). 2008. Seoul: Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

17. Lim JY, Na HB. Dietary macronutrients and VO₂ by BMI among female college students in Seoul. Korean J Community Nutr. 2006. 11:52–62.

18. Smeets AJ, Soenen S, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Ueland Ø, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Energy expenditure, satiety, and plasma ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine concentrations following a single high-protein lunch. J Nutr. 2008. 138:698–702.

19. Lejeune MP, Westerterp KR, Adam TC, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a respiration chamber. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006. 83:89–94.

20. Tannous dit El Khoury D, Obeid O, Azar ST, Hwalla N. Variations in postprandial ghrelin status following ingestion of high-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein meals in males. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006. 50:260–269.

21. Erdmann J, Lippl F, Schusdziarra V. Differential effect of protein and fat on plasma ghrelin levels in man. Regul Pept. 2003. 116:101–107.

22. Monteleone P, Bencivenga R, Longobardi N, Serritella C, Maj M. Differential responses of circulating ghrelin to high-fat or high-carbohydrate meal in heal thy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003. 88:5510–5514.

23. Schmid R, Schulte-Frohlinde E, Schusdziarra V, Neubauer J, Stegmann M, Maier V, Classen M. Contribution of postprandial amino acid levels to stimulation of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide in humans. Pancreas. 1992. 7:698–704.

24. Greenman Y, Golani N, Gilad S, Yaron M, Limor R, Stern N. Ghrelin secretion is modulated in a nutrient- and gender-specific manner. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004. 60:382–388.

25. Erdmann J, Töpsch R, Lippl F, Gussmann P, Schusdziarra V. Postprandial response of plasma ghrelin levels to various test meals in relation to food intake, plasma insulin, and glucose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004. 89:3048–3054.

26. Saad MF, Bernaba B, Hwu CM, Jinagouda S, Fahmi S, Kogosov E, Boyadjian R. Insulin regulates plasma ghrelin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002. 87:3997–4000.

27. Keim NL, Stern JS, Havel PJ. Relation between circulating leptin concentrations and appetite during a prolonged, moderate energy deficit in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998. 68:794–801.

28. Kim BJ, Carlson OD, Jang HJ, Elahi D, Berry C, Egan JM. Peptide YY is secreted after oral glucose administration in a gender-specific manner. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005. 90:6665–6671.

29. Kim HH, Lee S, Jeon TY, Son HC, Kim YJ, Sim MS. Post-prandial plasma ghrelin levels in people with different breakfast hours. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004. 58:692–695.