Immune Netw.  2011 Feb;11(1):11-41. 10.4110/in.2011.11.1.11.

The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells and in the Immune Response

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea. tyha77@yahoo.com

Abstract

The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) is one of the major scientific breakthroughs in recent years and has revolutionized current cell biology and medical science. miRNAs are small (19~25nt) noncoding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for degradation of translation repression. Genetic ablation of the miRNA machinery, as well as loss or degradation of certain individual miRNAs, severely compromises immune development and response, and can lead to immune disorders. Several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms are used to maintain immune homeostasis. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent publications have provided compelling evidence that miRNAs are highly expressed in Treg cells, that the expression of Foxp3 is controlled by miRNAs and that a range of miRNAs are involved in the regulation of immunity. A large number of studies have reported links between alterations of miRNA homeostasis and pathological conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as psychiatric and neurological diseases. Although it is still unclear how miRNA controls Treg cell development and function, recent studies certainly indicate that this topic will be the subject of further research. The specific circulating miRNA species may also be useful for the diagnosis, classification, prognosis of diseases and prediction of the therapeutic response. An explosive literature has focussed on the role of miRNA. In this review, I briefly summarize the current studies about the role of miRNAs in Treg cells and in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. I also review the explosive current studies about clinical application of miRNA.

Keyword

MicroRNA; Regulatory T cells; Suppressor T cells; Immune response; Cancer

MeSH Terms

3' Untranslated Regions
Adaptive Immunity
Autoimmune Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
Gene Expression
Homeostasis
Immune System Diseases
MicroRNAs
Peripheral Tolerance
Prognosis
Repression, Psychology
RNA, Messenger
RNA, Untranslated
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
3' Untranslated Regions
MicroRNAs
RNA, Messenger
RNA, Untranslated

Figure

  • Figure 1 miRNA biosynthesis pathway. miRNA are initially transcribed by RNA polymerase II as long primary miRNAs (pri-miRNA). Pri-miRNAs are cleaved in the nucleus by the RNase III enzyme Drosa-DGCR8 complex, liberating the stem loop or pre-miRNA. The protein Exportin-5 escorts the pre-miRNA to the cytoplasm, where a second RNAse enzyme, Dicer cleves the pre-miRNA to produce a miRNA duplex. From this miRNA/miRNA* duplex, the miRNAs strand is loaded iinto the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), and the miRNA* strand is destroyed. The final step in miRNA maturation is the loading of the miRNA strand into an Argonaute protein and destruction of the miRNA* strand. Translational repression of targeted mRNAs or mRNA degradation by RISC may occur within the P-body (For the details, see Text).

  • Figure 2 Possible effects of aberrant expression of miRNA in immune response (For the details, see Text).


Cited by  3 articles

MicroRNAs in Human Diseases: From Autoimmune Diseases to Skin, Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Tai-You Ha
Immune Netw. 2011;11(5):227-244.    doi: 10.4110/in.2011.11.5.227.

MicroRNAs in Human Diseases: From Lung, Liver and Kidney Diseases to Infectious Disease, Sickle Cell Disease and Endometrium Disease
Tai-You Ha
Immune Netw. 2011;11(6):309-323.    doi: 10.4110/in.2011.11.6.309.

MicroRNAs in Human Diseases: From Cancer to Cardiovascular Disease
Tai-You Ha
Immune Netw. 2011;11(3):135-154.    doi: 10.4110/in.2011.11.3.135.


Reference

1. Gershon RK, Kondo K. Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology. 1971; 21:903–914. PMID: 4943147.
2. Gershon RK, Cohen P, Hencin R, Liebhaber SA. Suppressor T cells. J Immunol. 1972; 108:586–590. PMID: 4401006.
3. Ha TY, Waksman BH. Role of the thymus in tolerance. X. "Suppressor" activity of antigen-stimulated rat thymocytes transferred to normal recipients. J Immunol. 1973; 110:1290–1299. PMID: 4121422.
4. Ha TY, Waksman BH, Treffers HP. The thymic suppressor cell. I. Separation of subpopulations with suppressor activity. J Exp Med. 1974; 139:13–23. PMID: 4128445.
5. Ha TY, Waksman BH, Treffers HP. The thymic suppre-sor cell. II. Metabolic requirements of suppressor activity. Immunol Commun. 1974; 3:351–359. PMID: 4142785.
6. Mudd PA, Teague BN, Farris AD. Regulatory T cells and systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Immunol. 2006; 64:211–218. PMID: 16918689.
Article
7. Waksman BH. Tolerance, the thymus, and suppressor T cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977; 28:363–374. PMID: 70289.
8. Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M. Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell. 2008; 133:775–787. PMID: 18510923.
Article
9. Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004; 22:531–562. PMID: 15032588.
Article
10. Ziegler SF. FOXP3: Of Mice and Men. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006; 24:209–226. PMID: 16551248.
Article
11. Qin FX. Dynamic behavior and function of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in tumor bearing host. Cell Mol Immunol. 2009; 6:3–13. PMID: 19254475.
Article
12. Huehn J, Polansky JK, Hamann A. Epigenetic control of FOXP3 expression: the key to a stable regulatory T-cell lineage? Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 9:83–89. PMID: 19114986.
Article
13. Ha TY. Regulatory T cell therapy for autoimmune disease. Immune Netw. 2008; 8:107–123.
Article
14. Ha TY. The role of suppressor T cells in bacterial infections. KAST Rev Mod Sci Technol. 2008; 4:105–120.
15. Shevach EM. Mechanisms of foxp3+ T regulatory cell-mediated suppression. Immunity. 2009; 30:636–645. PMID: 19464986.
Article
16. Sakaguchi S, Miyara M, Costantino CM, Hafler DA. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; 10:490–500. PMID: 20559327.
Article
17. Ha TY. The role of suppressor T cells in mycobacterial Infection. Korean Lepr Bull. 2008; 41:3–25.
18. Ha TY. The role of regulatory T cells in cancer. Immune Netw. 2009; 9:209–235. PMID: 20157609.
Article
19. Beyer M, Schultze JL. Regulatory T cells in cancer. Blood. 2006; 108:804–811. PMID: 16861339.
Article
20. Curiel TJ. Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest. 2007; 117:1167–1174. PMID: 17476346.
Article
21. Curiel TJ. Regulatory T cells and treatment of cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 2008; 20:241–246. PMID: 18508251.
Article
22. Fietta AM, Morosini M, Passadore I, Cascina A, Draghi P, Dore R, Rossi S, Pozzi E, Meloni F. Systemic inflammatory response and downmodulation of peripheral CD25+ Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells in patients undergoing radiofrequency thermal ablation for lung cancer. Hum Immunol. 2009; 70:477–486. PMID: 19332094.
23. Morse MA, Hobeika AC, Osada T, Serra D, Niedzwiecki D, Lyerly HK, Clay TM. Depletion of human regulatory T cells specifically enhances antigen-specific immune responses to cancer vaccines. Blood. 2008; 112:610–618. PMID: 18519811.
Article
24. Liu VC, Wong LY, Jang T, Shah AH, Park I, Yang X, Zhang Q, Lonning S, Teicher BA, Lee C. Tumor evasion of the immune system by converting CD4+CD25- T cells into CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells: role of tumor-derived TGF-beta. J Immunol. 2007; 178:2883–2892. PMID: 17312132.
25. Zou W. Regulatory T cells, tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006; 6:295–307. PMID: 16557261.
Article
26. Lizée G, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Hwu P. Improving antitumor immune responses by circumventing immunoregulatory cells and mechanisms. Clin Cancer Res. 2006; 12:4794–4803. PMID: 16914564.
Article
27. Riley JL, June CH, Blazar BR. Human T regulatory cell therapy: take a billion or so and call me in the morning. Immunity. 2009; 30:656–665. PMID: 19464988.
Article
28. Generali D, Bates G, Berruti A, Brizzi MP, Campo L, Bonardi S, Bersiga A, Allevi G, Milani M, Aguggini S, Dogliotti L, Banham AH, Harris AL, Bottini A, Fox SB. Immunomodulation of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells by the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15:1046–1051. PMID: 19188178.
Article
29. Casares N, Rudilla F, Arribillaga L, Llopiz D, Riezu-Boj JI, Lozano T, López-Sagaseta J, Guembe L, Sarobe P, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F, Lasarte JJ. A peptide inhibitor of FOXP3 impairs regulatory T cell activity and improves vaccine efficacy in mice. J Immunol. 2010; 185:5150–5159. PMID: 20870946.
Article
30. Xiao Y, Li B, Zhou Z, Hancock WW, Zhang H, Greene MI. Histone acetyltransferase mediated regulation of FOXP3 acetylation and Treg function. Curr Opin Immunol. 2010; 22:583–591. PMID: 20869864.
Article
31. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell. 2004; 116:281–297. PMID: 14744438.
32. Wightman B, Ha I, Ruvkun G. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell. 1993; 75:855–862. PMID: 8252622.
Article
33. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell. 1993; 75:843–854. PMID: 8252621.
Article
34. Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998; 391:806–811. PMID: 9486653.
Article
35. O'Connell RM, Rao DS, Chaudhuri AA, Baltimore D. Physiological and pathological roles for microRNAs in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; 10:111–122. PMID: 20098459.
36. Navarro F, Lieberman J. Small RNAs guide hematopoietic cell differentiation and function. J Immunol. 2010; 184:5939–5947. PMID: 20483778.
Article
37. Slezak-Prochazka I, Durmus S, Kroesen BJ, van den Berg A. MicroRNAs, macrocontrol: regulation of miRNA processing. RNA. 2010; 16:1087–1095. PMID: 20423980.
Article
38. Chen CZ, Li L, Lodish HF, Bartel DP. MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science. 2004; 303:83–86. PMID: 14657504.
Article
39. Kim VN, Han J, Siomi MC. Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009; 10:126–139. PMID: 19165215.
Article
40. Winter J, Jung S, Keller S, Gregory RI, Diederichs S. Many roads to maturity: microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation. Nat Cell Biol. 2009; 11:228–234. PMID: 19255566.
Article
41. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell. 2009; 136:215–233. PMID: 19167326.
Article
42. Schetter AJ, Heegaard NH, Harris CC. Inflammation and cancer: interweaving microRNA, free radical, cytokine and p53 pathways. Carcinogenesis. 2010; 31:37–49. PMID: 19955394.
Article
43. Miller BH, Wahlestedt C. MicroRNA dysregulation in psychiatric disease. Brain Res. 2010; 1338:89–99. PMID: 20303342.
Article
44. Pallante P, Visone R, Croce CM, Fusco A. Deregulation of microRNA expression in follicular-cell-derived human thyroid carcinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010; 17:F91–F104. PMID: 19942715.
45. Haramati S, Chapnik E, Sztainberg Y, Eilam R, Zwang R, Gershoni N, McGlinn E, Heiser PW, Wills AM, Wirguin I, Rubin LL, Misawa H, Tabin CJ, Brown R Jr, Chen A, Hornstein E. miRNA malfunction causes spinal motor neuron disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107:13111–13116. PMID: 20616011.
Article
46. Radom-Aizik S, Zaldivar F Jr, Oliver S, Galassetti P, Cooper DM. Evidence for microRNA involvement in exercise-associated neutrophil gene expression changes. J Appl Physiol. 2010; 109:252–261. PMID: 20110541.
Article
47. Latronico MV, Condorelli G. MicroRNAs and cardiac pathology. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009; 6:419–429. PMID: 19434076.
Article
48. Miranda RC, Pietrzykowski AZ, Tang Y, Sathyan P, Mayfield D, Keshavarzian A, Sampson W, Hereld D. MicroRNAs: master regulators of ethanol abuse and toxicity? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010; 34:575–587. PMID: 20102566.
Article
49. Wang QZ, Xu W, Habib N, Xu R. Potential uses of microRNA in lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2009; 9:572–594. PMID: 19519323.
Article
50. Kato M, Arce L, Natarajan R. MicroRNAs and their role in progressive kidney diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4:1255–1266. PMID: 19581401.
Article
51. Ohlsson Teague EM, Van der Hoek KH, Van der Hoek MB, Perry N, Wagaarachchi P, Robertson SA, Print CG, Hull LM. MicroRNA-regulated pathways associated with endometriosis. Mol Endocrinol. 2009; 23:265–275. PMID: 19074548.
Article
52. Tan Z, Randall G, Fan J, Camoretti-Mercado B, Brockman-Schneider R, Pan L, Solway J, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Nicolae D, Ober C. Allele-specific targeting of microRNAs to HLA-G and risk of asthma. Am J Hum Genet. 2007; 81:829–834. PMID: 17847008.
Article
53. Saba R, Goodman CD, Huzarewich RL, Robertson C, Booth SA. A miRNA signature of prion induced neurodegeneration. PLoS One. 2008; 3:e3652. PMID: 18987751.
Article
54. Pandey AK, Agarwal P, Kaur K, Datta M. MicroRNAs in diabetes: tiny players in big disease. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2009; 23:221–232. PMID: 19471090.
Article
55. Baltimore D, Boldin MP, O'Connell RM, Rao DS, Taganov KD. MicroRNAs: new regulators of immune cell development and function. Nat Immunol. 2008; 9:839–845. PMID: 18645592.
Article
56. Lodish HF, Zhou B, Liu G, Chen CZ. Micromanagement of the immune system by microRNAs. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8:120–130. PMID: 18204468.
Article
57. Xiao C, Rajewsky K. MicroRNA control in the immune system: basic principles. Cell. 2009; 136:26–36. PMID: 19135886.
Article
58. Lindsay MA. microRNAs and the immune response. Trends Immunol. 2008; 29:343–351. PMID: 18515182.
Article
59. Rodriguez A, Vigorito E, Clare S, Warren MV, Couttet P, Soond DR, van Dongen S, Grocock RJ, Das PP, Miska EA, Vetrie D, Okkenhaug K, Enright AJ, Dougan G, Turner M, Bradley A. Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function. Science. 2007; 316:608–611. PMID: 17463290.
60. Bird L. Regulatory T cells: microRNAs maintain identity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8:752.
61. Taganov KD, Boldin MP, Baltimore D. MicroRNAs and immunity: tiny players in a big field. Immunity. 2007; 26:133–137. PMID: 17307699.
Article
62. Kosaka N, Izumi H, Sekine K, Ochiya T. microRNA as a new immune-regulatory agent in breast milk. Silence. 2010; 1:7. PMID: 20226005.
Article
63. Pedersen I, David M. MicroRNAs in the immune response. Cytokine. 2008; 43:391–394. PMID: 18701320.
Article
64. Sonkoly E, Ståhle M, Pivarcsi A. MicroRNAs and immunity: Novel players in the regulation of normal immune function and inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol. 2008; 18:131–140. PMID: 18291670.
Article
65. Tsitsiou E, Lindsay MA. microRNAs and the immune response. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009; 9:514–520. PMID: 19525145.
Article
66. Liston A, Linterman M, Lu LF. MicroRNA in the adaptive Immune system, in sickness and in Health. J Clin Immunol. 2010; 30:339–346. PMID: 20191314.
Article
67. Witwer KW, Sisk JM, Gama L, Clements JE. MicroRNA regulation of IFN-β protein expression: rapid and sensitive modulation of the Innate Immune Response. J Immunol. 2010; 184:2369–2376. PMID: 20130213.
Article
68. Pauley KM, Cha S, Chan EKL. MicroRNA in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2009; 32:189–194. PMID: 19303254.
Article
69. Liu X, Zhan Z, Xu L, Ma F, Li D, Guo Z, Li N, Cao X. MiroRNA-148/152 impair innate response and antigen presentation of TLR-triggered dendritic cells by targeting CaMKIIalpha. J Immunol. 2010; 185:7244–7251. PMID: 21068402.
70. Yang Y, Ago T, Zhai P, Abdellartif M, Sadoshima J. Thioredoxin 1 negatively regulates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy through upregulation of miR-98/let-7. Circ Res. 2011; 108:305–313. PMID: 21183740.
Article
71. Hoefig KP, Heissmeyer V. MicroRNAs grow up in the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol. 2008; 20:281–287. PMID: 18554884.
Article
72. Lynam-Lennon N, Maher SG, Reynolds JV. The roles of microRNA in cancer and apoptosis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2009; 84:55–71. PMID: 19046400.
Article
73. Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA. microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Dev Biol. 2007; 302:1–12. PMID: 16989803.
Article
74. Hernando E. microRNAs and cancer: role in tumorigenesis, patient classification and therapy. Clin Transl Oncol. 2007; 9:155–160. PMID: 17403626.
Article
75. Negrini M, Nicoloso MS, Calin GA. MicroRNAs and cancer--new paradigms in molecular oncology. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009; 21:470–479. PMID: 19411171.
Article
76. Ortholan C, Puissegur MP, Ilie M, Barbry P, Mari B, Hofman P. MicroRNAs and lung cancer: new oncogenes and tumor suppressors, new prognostic factors and potential therapeutic targets. Curr Med Chem. 2009; 16:1047–1061. PMID: 19275611.
Article
77. Osaki M, Takeshita F, Ochiya T. MicroRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic drugs in human cancer. Biomarkers. 2008; 13:658–670. PMID: 19096960.
Article
78. Lee YS, Dutta A. MicroRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009; 4:199–227. PMID: 18817506.
Article
79. Saito Y, Suzuki H, Hibi T. The role of microRNAs in gastrointestinal cancers. J Gastroenterol. 2009; 44(Suppl 19):18–22. PMID: 19148788.
Article
80. Guo LM, Pu Y, Han Z, Liu T, Li YX, Liu M, Li X, Tang H. MicroRNA-9 inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth through regulation of NF-kappaB1. FEBS J. 2009; 276:5537–5546. PMID: 19702828.
81. Weber MJ. New human and mouse microRNA genes found by homology search. FEBS J. 2005; 272:59–73. PMID: 15634332.
Article
82. Zhang B, Farwell MA. microRNAs: a new emerging class of players for disease diagnostics and gene therapy. J Cell Mol Med. 2008; 12:3–21. PMID: 18088390.
83. Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006; 6:857–866. PMID: 17060945.
Article
84. Chong MM, Rasmussen JP, Rudensky AY, Littman DR. The RNAseIII enzyme Drosha is critical in T cells for preventing lethal inflammatory disease. J Exp Med. 2008; 205:2005–2017. PMID: 18725527.
Article
85. Liston A, Lu LF, O'Carroll D, Tarakhovsky A, Rudensky AY. Dicer-dependent microRNA pathway safeguards regulatory T cell function. J Exp Med. 2008; 205:1993–2004. PMID: 18725526.
Article
86. Zhou X, Jeker LT, Fife BT, Zhu S, Anderson MS, McManus MT, Bluestone JA. Selective miRNA disruption in T reg cells leads to uncontrolled autoimmunity. J Exp Med. 2008; 205:1983–1991. PMID: 18725525.
Article
87. Cobb BS, Hertweck A, Smith J, O'Connor E, Graf D, Cook T, Smale ST, Sakaguchi S, Livesey FJ, Fisher AG, Merkenschlager M. A role for Dicer in immune regulation. J Exp Med. 2006; 203:2519–2527. PMID: 17060477.
Article
88. Lu TX, Munitz A, Rothenberg ME. MicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in allergic airway inflammation and regulates IL-12p35 expression. J Immunol. 2009; 182:4994–5002. PMID: 19342679.
Article
89. Fulci V, Scappucci G, Sebastiani GD, Giannitti C, Franceschini D, Meloni F, Colombo T, Citarella F, Barnaba V, Minisola G, Galeazzi M, Macino G. miR-223 is overexpressed in T-lymphocytes of patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Immunol. 2010; 71:206–211. PMID: 19931339.
Article
90. Waldman SA, Terzic A. A study of microRNAs in silico and in vivo: diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer. FEBS J. 2009; 276:2157–2164. PMID: 19250312.
91. Waldman SA, Terzic A. Applications of microRNA in cancer: Exploring the advantages of miRNA. Clin Transl Sci. 2009; 2:248–249. PMID: 20443899.
Article
92. Belver L, de Yébenes VG, Ramiro AR. MicroRNAs prevent the generation of autoreactive antibodies. Immunity. 2010; 33:713–722. PMID: 21093320.
Article
93. Yu SL, Chen HY, Chang GC, Chen CY, Chen HW, Singh S, Cheng CL, Yu CJ, Lee YC, Chen HS, Su TJ, Chiang CC, Li HN, Hong QS, Su HY, Chen CC, Chen WJ, Liu CC, Chan WK, Chen WJ, Li KC, Chen JJ, Yang PC. MicroRNA signature predicts survival and relapse in lung cancer. Cancer Cell. 2008; 13:48–57. PMID: 18167339.
Article
94. Esau CC, Monia BP. Therapeutic potential for microRNAs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007; 59:101–114. PMID: 17462786.
Article
95. Brase JC, Wuttig D, Kuner R, Sültmann H. Serum microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer. Mol Cancer. 2010; 9:306. PMID: 21110877.
Article
96. Fazi F, Nervi C. MicroRNA: basic mechanisms and transcriptional regulatory networks for cell fate determination. Cardiovasc Res. 2008; 79:553–561. PMID: 18539629.
Article
97. Trang P, Weidhaas JB, Slack FJ. MicroRNAs as potential cancer therapeutics. Oncogene. 2008; 27(Suppl 2):S52–S57. PMID: 19956180.
Article
98. Marson A, Kretschmer K, Frampton GM, Jacobsen ES, Polansky JK, MacIsaac KD, Levine SS, Fraenkel E, von Boehmer H, Young RA. Foxp3 occupancy and regulation of key target genes during T-cell stimulation. Nature. 2007; 445:931–935. PMID: 17237765.
Article
99. Soifer HS, Rossi JJ, Saetrom P. MicroRNAs in disease and potential therapeutic applications. Mol Ther. 2007; 15:2070–2079. PMID: 17878899.
Article
100. Barringhaus KG, Zamore PD. MicroRNAs: regulating a change of heart. Circulation. 2009; 119:2217–2224. PMID: 19398677.
101. Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F, Visone R, Iorio M, Roldo C, Ferracin M, Prueitt RL, Yanaihara N, Lanza G, Scarpa A, Vecchione A, Negrini M, Harris CC, Croce CM. A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103:2257–2261. PMID: 16461460.
Article
102. Yu Z, Willmarth NE, Zhou J, Katiyar S, Wang M, Liu Y, McCue PA, Quong AA, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. microRNA 17/20 inhibits cellular invasion and tumor metastasis in breast cancer by heterotypic signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107:8231–8236. PMID: 20406904.
Article
103. Slaby O, Svoboda M, Michalek J, Vyzula R. MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer: translation of molecular biology into clinical application. Mol Cancer. 2009; 8:102. PMID: 19912656.
Article
104. Croce CM. Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat Rev Genet. 2009; 10:704–714. PMID: 19763153.
Article
105. Tili E, Michaille JJ, Cimino A, Costinean S, Dumitru CD, Adair B, Fabbri M, Alder H, Liu CG, Calin GA, Croce CM. Modulation of miR-155 and miR-125b levels following lipopolysaccharide/TNF-alpha stimulation and their possible roles in regulating the response to endotoxin shock. J Immunol. 2007; 179:5082–5089. PMID: 17911593.
106. Martino S, di Girolamo I, Orlacchio A, Datti A, Orlacchio A. MicroRNA implications across neurodevelopment and neuropathology. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2009; 2009:654346. PMID: 19841678.
Article
107. Luo X, Tsai LM, Shen N, Yu D. Evidence for microRNA-mediated regulation in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69(Suppl 1):i30–i36. PMID: 19995741.
Article
108. Tili E, Michaille JJ, Costinean S, Croce CM. MicroRNAs, the immune system and rheumatic disease. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008; 4:534–541. PMID: 18728632.
Article
109. Sheedy FJ, O'Neill LA. Adding fuel to fire: microRNAs as a new class of mediators of inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008; 67(Suppl 3):iii50–iii55. PMID: 19022814.
Article
110. Hooper LV, Macpherson AJ. Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; 10:159–169. PMID: 20182457.
Article
111. Hubert P, Jacobs N, Caberg JH, Boniver J, Delvenne P. The cross-talk between dendritic and regulatory T cells: good or evil? J Leukoc Biol. 2007; 82:781–794. PMID: 17652446.
Article
112. Toda A, Piccirillo CA. Development and function of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2006; 80:458–470. PMID: 16809644.
Article
113. Wang HY, Wang RF. Regulatory T cells and cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 2007; 19:217–223. PMID: 17306521.
Article
114. Han Y, Guo Q, Zhang M, Chen Z, Cao X. CD69+ CD4+ CD25- T cells, a new subset of regulatory T cells, suppress T cell proliferation through membrane-bound TGF-beta 1. J Immunol. 2009; 182:111–120. PMID: 19109141.
115. Maggi E, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Romagnani P, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Thymic regulatory T cells. Autoimmun Rev. 2005; 4:579–586. PMID: 16214099.
Article
116. Miyara M, Yoshioka Y, Kitoh A, Shima T, Wing K, Niwa A, Parizot C, Taflin C, Heike T, Valeyre D, Mathian A, Nakahata T, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M, Amoura Z, Gorochov G, Sakaguchi S. Functional delineation and differentiation dynamics of human CD4+ T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor. Immunity. 2009; 30:899–911. PMID: 19464196.
Article
117. Buckner JH. Mechanisms of impaired regulation by CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; 10:849–859. PMID: 21107346.
Article
118. Mabarrack NH, Turner NL, Mayrhofer G. Recent thymic origin, differentiation, and turnover of regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2008; 84:1287–1297. PMID: 18682578.
Article
119. Wan YY, Flavell RA. 'Yin-Yang' functions of transforming growth factor-beta and T regulatory cells in immune regulation. Immunol Rev. 2007; 220:199–213. PMID: 17979848.
120. Taylor AL, Llewelyn MJ. Superantigen-induced proliferation of human CD4+CD25- T cells is followed by a switch to a functional regulatory phenotype. J Immunol. 2010; 185:6591–6598. PMID: 21048104.
121. Thornton AM, Korty PE, Tran DQ, Wohlfert EA, Murray PE, Belkaid Y, Shevach EM. Expression of Helios, an Ikaros transcription factor family member, differentiates thymic-derived from peripherally induced Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. J Immunol. 2010; 184:3433–3441. PMID: 20181882.
Article
122. Curotto de Lafaille MA, Lafaille JJ. Natural and adaptive foxp3+ regulatory T cells: more of the same or a division of labor? Immunity. 2009; 30:626–635. PMID: 19464985.
Article
123. Kerdiles YM, Stone EL, Beisner DL, McGargill MA, Ch'en IL, Stockmann C, Katayama CD, Hedrick SM. Foxo transcription factors control regulatory T cell development and function. Immunity. 2010; 33:890–904. PMID: 21167754.
Article
124. Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Abanni L, Calì G, Porcellini A, Carbone F, Fontana S, Horvath TL, La Cava A, Matarese G. An oscillatory switch in mTOR kinase activity sets regulatory T cell responsiveness. Immunity. 2010; 33:929–941. PMID: 21145759.
Article
125. Chougnet CA, Tripathi P, Lages CS, Raynor J, Sholl A, Fink P, Plas DR, Hildeman DA. A major role for Bim in regulatory T cell homeostasis. J Immunol. 2011; 186:156–163. PMID: 21098226.
Article
126. Stary G, Klein I, Bauer W, Koszik F, Reininger B, Kohlhofer S, Gruber K, Skvara H, Jung T, Stingl G. Glucocorticosteroids modify Langerhans cells to produce TGF-β and expand regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2011; 186:103–112. PMID: 21135170.
Article
127. Eller K, Wolf D, Huber JM, Metz M, Mayer G, McKenzie AN, Maurer M, Rosenkranz AR, Wolf AM. IL-9 production by regulatory T cells recruits mast cells that are essential for regulatory T cell-induced immune suppression. J Immunol. 2011; 186:83–91. PMID: 21115728.
Article
128. Baeke F, Korf H, Overbergh L, Verstuyf A, Thorrez L, Van Lommel L, Waer M, Schuit F, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. The vitamin D analog, TX527, promotes a human CD4+ CD25highCD127low regulatory T cell profile and induces a migratory signature specific for homing to sites of inflammation. J Immunol. 2011; 186:132–142. PMID: 21131424.
129. Fooksman DR, Vardhana S, Vasiliver-Shamis G, Liese J, Blair DA, Waite J, Sacristán C, Victora GD, Zanin-Zhorov A, Dustin ML. Functional anatomy of T cell activation and synapse formation. Annu Rev Immunol. 2010; 28:79–105. PMID: 19968559.
Article
130. Chu CY, Rana TM. Small RNAs: regulators and guardians of the genome. J Cell Physiol. 2007; 213:412–419. PMID: 17674365.
Article
131. Kim VN. Small RNAs: classification, biogenesis, and function. Mol Cells. 2005; 19:1–15. PMID: 15750334.
132. Dai Y, Huang YS, Tang M, Lv TY, Hu CX, Tan YH, Xu ZM, Yin YB. Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in peripheral blood cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 2007; 16:939–946. PMID: 18042587.
Article
133. Cai X, Hagedorn CH, Cullen BR. Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs. RNA. 2004; 10:1957–1966. PMID: 15525708.
Article
134. Han J, Lee Y, Yeom KH, Kim YK, Jin H, Kim VN. The Drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing. Genes Dev. 2004; 18:3016–3027. PMID: 15574589.
Article
135. Boyd SD. Everything you wanted to know about small RNA but were afraid to ask. Lab Invest. 2008; 88:569–578. PMID: 18427554.
Article
136. Ketting RF, Fischer SE, Bernstein E, Sijen T, Hannon GJ, Plasterk RH. Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes Dev. 2001; 15:2654–2659. PMID: 11641272.
Article
137. Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Asano M, Itoh M, Toda M. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol. 1995; 155:1151–1164. PMID: 7636184.
138. Schickel R, Boyerinas B, Park SM, Peter ME. MicroRNAs: key players in the immune system, differentiation, tumorigenesis and cell death. Oncogene. 2008; 27:5959–5974. PMID: 18836476.
Article
139. Bendelac A, Savage PB, Teyton L. The biology of NKT cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007; 25:297–336. PMID: 17150027.
Article
140. Pauley KM, Chan EK. MicroRNAs and their emerging roles in immunology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008; 1143:226–239. PMID: 19076353.
Article
141. Moschos SA, Williams AE, Perry MM, Birrell MA, Belvisi MG, Lindsay MA. Expression profiling in vivo demonstrates rapid changes in lung microRNA levels following lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation but not in the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids. BMC Genomics. 2007; 8:240. PMID: 17640343.
Article
142. Li Y, Chan EY, Li J, Ni C, Peng X, Rosenzweig E, Tumpey TM, Katze MG. MicroRNA expression and virulence in pandemic influenza virus-infected mice. J Virol. 2010; 84:3023–3032. PMID: 20071585.
Article
143. De Santis G, Ferracin M, Biondani A, Caniatti L, Rosaria Tola M, Castellazzi M, Zagatti B, Battistini L, Borsellino G, Fainardi E, Gavioli R, Negrini M, Furlan R, Granieri E. Altered miRNA expression in T regulatory cells in course of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2010; 226:165–171. PMID: 20637509.
Article
144. Fichtlscherer S, De Rosa S, Fox H, Schwietz T, Fischer A, Liebetrau C, Weber M, Hamm CW, Röxe T, Müller-Ardogan M, Bonauer A, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Circulating microRNAs in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Res. 2010; 107:677–684. PMID: 20595655.
Article
145. Ji X, Takahashi R, Hiura Y, Hirokawa G, Fukushima Y, Iwai N. Plasma miR-208 as a biomarker of myocardial injury. Clin Chem. 2009; 55:1944–1949. PMID: 19696117.
Article
146. Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Peterson A, Noteboom J, O'Briant KC, Allen A, Lin DW, Urban N, Drescher CW, Knudsen BS, Stirewalt DL, Gentleman R, Vessella RL, Nelson PS, Martin DB, Tewari M. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105:10513–10518. PMID: 18663219.
Article
147. Michael A, Barjracharya SD, Yuen PST, Zhou H, Star RA, Illei GG, Alevizos I. Exosome from human saliva as a source of microRNA biomarkers. Oral Dis. 2010; 16:34–38. PMID: 19627513.
148. Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang K, Guo J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Guo X, Li Q, Li X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Jiang X, Xiang Y, Xu C, Zheng P, Zhang J, Li R, Zhang H, Shang X, Gong T, Ning G, Wang J, Zen K, Zhang J, Zhang CY. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res. 2008; 18:997–1006. PMID: 18766170.
Article
149. O'Connell RM, Taganov KD, Boldin MP, Cheng G, Baltimore D. MicroRNA-155 is induced during the macrophage inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104:1604–1609. PMID: 17242365.
150. Vigorito E, Perks KL, Abreu-Goodger C, Bunting S, Xiang Z, Kohlhaas S, Das PP, Miska EA, Rodriguez A, Bradley A, Smith KG, Rada C, Enright AJ, Toellner KM, Maclennan IC, Turner M. microRNA-155 regulates the generation of immunoglobulin class-switched plasma cells. Immunity. 2007; 27:847–859. PMID: 18055230.
Article
151. Lu LF, Thai TH, Calado DP, Chaudhry A, Kubo M, Tanaka K, Loeb GB, Lee H, Yoshimura A, Rajewsky K, Rudensky AY. Foxp3-dependent microRNA155 confers competitive fitness to regulatory T cells by targeting SOCS1 protein. Immunity. 2009; 30:80–91. PMID: 19144316.
Article
152. Zhu QY, Liu Q, Chen JX, Lan K, Ge BX. MicroRNA-101 targets MAPK phosphatase-1 to regulate the activation of MAPKs in macrophages. J Immunol. 2010; 185:7435–7442. PMID: 21068409.
Article
153. Taganov KD, Boldin MP, Chang KJ, Baltimore D. NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103:12481–12486. PMID: 16885212.
154. Hou J, Wang P, Lin L, Liu X, Ma F, An H, Wang Z, Cao X. MicroRNA-146a feedback inhibits RIG-I-dependent Type I IFN production in macrophages by targeting TRAF6, IRAK1, and IRAK2. J Immunol. 2009; 183:2150–2158. PMID: 19596990.
Article
155. Androulidaki A, Iliopoulos D, Arranz A, Doxaki C, Schworer S, Zacharioudaki V, Margioris AN, Tsichlis PN, Tsatsanis C. The kinase Akt1 controls macrophage response to lipopolysaccharide by regulating microRNAs. Immunity. 2009; 31:220–231. PMID: 19699171.
Article
156. Fazi F, Rosa A, Fatica A, Gelmetti V, De Marchis ML, Nervi C, Bozzoni I. A minicircuitry comprised of microRNA-223 and transcription factors NFI-A and C/EBPalpha regulates human granulopoiesis. Cell. 2005; 123:819–831. PMID: 16325577.
157. Johnnidis JB, Harris MH, Wheeler RT, Stehling-Sun S, Lam MH, Kirak O, Brummelkamp TR, Fleming MD, Camargo FD. Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and granulocyte function by microRNA-223. Nature. 2008; 451:1125–1129. PMID: 18278031.
Article
158. Li QJ, Chau J, Ebert PJ, Sylvester G, Min H, Liu G, Braich R, Manoharan M, Soutschek J, Skare P, Klein LO, Davis MM, Chen CZ. miR-181a is an intrinsic modulator of T cell sensitivity and selection. Cell. 2007; 129:147–161. PMID: 17382377.
Article
159. Lapaque N, Walzer T, Méresse S, Vivier E, Trowsdale J. Interactions between human NK cells and macrophages in response to Salmonella infection. J Immunol. 2009; 182:4339–4348. PMID: 19299734.
160. Stern-Ginossar N, Gur C, Biton M, Horwitz E, Elboim M, Stanietsky N, Mandelboim M, Mandelboim O. Human microRNAs regulate stress-induced immune responses mediated by the receptor NKG2D. Nat Immunol. 2008; 9:1065–1073. PMID: 18677316.
Article
161. Bezman NA, Cedars E, Steiner DF, Blelloch R, Hesslein DG, Lanier LL. Distinct requirements of microRNAs in NK cell activation, survival, and function. J Immunol. 2010; 185:3835–3846. PMID: 20805417.
Article
162. Koralov SB, Muljo SA, Galler GR, Krek A, Chakraborty T, Kanellopoulou C, Jensen K, Cobb BS, Merkenschlager M, Rajewsky N, Rajewsky K. Dicer ablation affects antibody diversity and cell survival in the B lymphocyte lineage. Cell. 2008; 132:860–874. PMID: 18329371.
Article
163. Cobb BS, Nesterova TB, Thompson E, Hertweck A, O'Connor E, Godwin J, Wilson CB, Brockdorff N, Fisher AG, Smale ST, Merkenschlager M. T cell lineage choice and differentiation in the absence of the RNase III enzyme Dicer. J Exp Med. 2005; 201:1367–1373. PMID: 15867090.
Article
164. Muljo SA, Ansel KM, Kanellopoulou C, Livingston DM, Rao A, Rajewsky K. Aberrant T cell differentiation in the absence of Dicer. J Exp Med. 2005; 202:261–269. PMID: 16009718.
Article
165. Fedeli M, Napolitano A, Wong MP, Marcais A, de Lalla C, Colucci F, Merkenschlager M, Dellabona P, Casorati G. Dicer-dependent microRNA pathway controls invariant NKT cell development. J Immunol. 2009; 183:2506–2512. PMID: 19625646.
Article
166. Rossi M, Young JW. Human dendritic cells: potent antigen-presenting cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J Immunol. 2005; 175:1373–1381. PMID: 16034072.
Article
167. Ceppi M, Pereira PM, Dunand-Sauthier I, Barras E, Reith W, Santos MA, Pierre P. MicroRNA-155 modulates the interleukin-1 signaling pathway in activated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106:2735–2740. PMID: 19193853.
Article
168. Holmstrøm K, Pedersen AW, Claesson MH, Zocca MB, Jensen SS. Identification of a microRNA signature in dendritic cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Hum Immunol. 2010; 71:67–73. PMID: 19819280.
Article
169. Curtale G, Citarella F, Carissimi C, Goldoni M, Carucci N, Fulci V, Franceschini D, Meloni F, Barnaba V, Macino G. An emerging player in the adaptive immune response: microRNA-146a is a modulator of IL-2 expression and activation-induced cell death in T lymphocytes. Blood. 2010; 115:265–273. PMID: 19965651.
Article
170. Basso K, Sumazin P, Morozov P, Schneider C, Maute RL, Kitagawa Y, Mandelbaum J, Haddad J Jr, Chen CZ, Califano A, Dalla-Favera R. Identification of the human mature B cell miRNome. Immunity. 2009; 30:744–752. PMID: 19446474.
Article
171. Eis PS, Tam W, Sun L, Chadburn A, Li Z, Gomez MF, Lund E, Dahlberg JE. Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B cell lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102:3627–3632. PMID: 15738415.
Article
172. Kluiver J, Poppema S, de Jong D, Blokzijl T, Harms G, Jacobs S, Kroesen BJ, van den Berg A. BIC and miR-155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. J Pathol. 2005; 207:243–249. PMID: 16041695.
Article
173. Kluiver J, Haralambieva E, de Jong D, Blokzijl T, Jacobs S, Kroesen BJ, Poppema S, van den Berg A. Lack of BIC and microRNA miR-155 expression in primary cases of Burkitt lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2006; 45:147–153. PMID: 16235244.
Article
174. Turner M, Vigorito E. Regulation of B- and T-cell differentiation by a single microRNA. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008; 36:531–533. PMID: 18481999.
Article
175. Costinean S, Zanesi N, Pekarsky Y, Tili E, Volinia S, Heerema N, Croce CM. Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in E(mu)-miR155 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103:7024–7029. PMID: 16641092.
176. Thai TH, Calado DP, Casola S, Ansel KM, Xiao C, Xue Y, Murphy A, Frendewey D, Valenzuela D, Kutok JL, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rajewsky N, Yancopoulos G, Rao A, Rajewsky K. Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science. 2007; 316:604–608. PMID: 17463289.
Article
177. Xiao C, Calado DP, Galler G, Thai TH, Patterson HC, Wang J, Rajewsky N, Bender TP, Rajewsky K. MiR-150 controls B cell differentiation by targeting the transcription factor c-Myb. Cell. 2007; 131:146–159. PMID: 17923094.
Article
178. Zhou B, Wang S, Mayr C, Bartel DP, Lodish HF. miR-150, a microRNA expressed in mature B and T cells, blocks early B cell development when expressed prematurely. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104:7080–7085. PMID: 17438277.
Article
179. Dorsett Y, McBride KM, Jankovic M, Gazumyan A, Thai TH, Robbiani DF, Di Virgilio M, Reina San-Martin B, Heidkamp G, Schwickert TA, Eisenreich T, Rajewsky K, Nussenzweig MC. MicroRNA-155 suppresses activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated Myc-Igh translocation. Immunity. 2008; 28:630–638. PMID: 18455451.
Article
180. Zhang J, Jima DD, Jacobs C, Fischer R, Gottwein E, Huang G, Lugar PL, Lagoo AS, Rizzieri DA, Friedman DR, Weinberg JB, Lipsky PE, Dave SS. Patterns of microRNA expression characterize stages of human B-cell differentiation. Blood. 2009; 113:4586–4594. PMID: 19202128.
Article
181. Lee PP, Fitzpatrick DR, Beard C, Jessup HK, Lehar S, Makar KW, Pérez-Melgosa M, Sweetser MT, Schlissel MS, Nguyen S, Cherry SR, Tsai JH, Tucker SM, Weaver WM, Kelso A, Jaenisch R, Wilson CB. A critical role for Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in T cell development, function, and survival. Immunity. 2001; 15:763–774. PMID: 11728338.
Article
182. Banerjee A, Schambach F, DeJong CS, Hammond SM, Reiner SL. Micro-RNA-155 inhibits IFN-gamma signaling in CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2010; 40:225–231. PMID: 19877012.
183. Neilson JR, Zheng GX, Burge CB, Sharp PA. Dynamic regulation of miRNA expression in ordered stages of cellular development. Genes Dev. 2007; 21:578–589. PMID: 17344418.
Article
184. Johnston RJ, Poholek AC, DiToro D, Yusuf I, Eto D, Barnett B, Dent AL, Craft J, Crotty S. Bcl6 and Blimp-1 are reciprocal and antagonistic regulators of T follicular helper cell differentiation. Science. 2009; 325:1006–1010. PMID: 19608860.
Article
185. Tufekci KU, Oner MG, Genc S, Genc K. MicroRNAs and Multiple Sclerosis. Autoimmune Dis. 2010; 2011:807426. PMID: 21188194.
Article
186. Divekar AA, Dubey S, Gangalum PR, Singh RR. Dicer insufficiency and microRNA-155 overexpression in lupus regulatory T cells: an apparent paradox in the setting of an inflammatory milieu. J Immunol. 2011; 186:924–930. PMID: 21149603.
Article
187. Zheng Y, Josefowicz SZ, Kas A, Chu TT, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. Genome-wide analysis of Foxp3 target genes in developing and mature regulatory T cells. Nature. 2007; 445:936–940. PMID: 17237761.
Article
188. Zhou L, Seo KH, Wong HK, Mi QS. MicroRNAs and immune regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009; 9:524–527. PMID: 19539573.
Article
189. Kohlhaas S, Garden OA, Scudamore C, Turner M, Okkenhaug K, Vigorito E. Cutting edge: the Foxp3 target miR-155 contributes to the development of regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2009; 182:2578–2582. PMID: 19234151.
Article
190. Redouane R, Hussein FK, Nabil EZ, Philippe L, Francoise R, Alexandru S, Haidar A, Mohamad M, Mohamad ER, Arsene B, Pedro R, Philippe M, Bassam B. Human natural Treg microRNA signature: Role of microRNA-31 and microRNA-21 in FOXP3 expression. Eur J Immunol. 2009; 39:1–11.
191. Huang B, Zhao J, Lei Z, Shen S, Li D, Shen GX, Zhang GM, Feng ZH. miR-142-3p restricts cAMP production in CD4+CD25- T cells and CD4+CD25+ TREG cells by targeting AC9 mRNA. EMBO Rep. 2009; 10:180–185. PMID: 19098714.
192. Fayyad-Kazan H, Rouas R, Merimi M, El Zein N, Lewalle P, Jebbawi F, Mourtada M, Badran H, Ezzeddine M, Salaun B, Romero P, Burny A, Martiat P, Badran B. Valproate treatment of human cord blood CD4-positive effector T cells confers on them the molecular profile (microRNA signature and FOXP3 expression) of natural regulatory CD4-positive cells through inhibition of histone deacetylase. J Biol Chem. 2010; 285:20481–20491. PMID: 20427269.
Article
193. Rouas R, Fayyad-Kazan H, El Zein N, Lewalle P, Rothé F, Simion A, Akl H, Mourtada M, El Rifai M, Burny A, Romero P, Martiat P, Badran B. Human natural Treg microRNA signature: role of microRNA-31 and microRNA-21 in FOXP3 expression. Eur J Immunol. 2009; 39:1608–1618. PMID: 19408243.
194. Hezova R, Slaby O, Faltejskova P, Mikulkova Z, Buresova I, Raja KR, Hodek J, Ovesna J, Michalek J. microRNA-342, microRNA-191 and microRNA-510 are differentially expressed in T regulatory cells of type 1 diabetic patients. Cell Immunol. 2010; 260:70–74. PMID: 19954774.
Article
195. Freier E, Weber CS, Nowottne U, Horn C, Bartels K, Meyer S, Hildebrandt Y, Luetkens T, Cao Y, Pabst C, Muzzulini J, Schnee B, Brunner-Weinzierl MC, Marangolo M, Bokemeyer C, Deter HC, Atanackovic D. Decrease of CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells in the peripheral blood of human subjects undergoing a mental stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010; 35:663–673. PMID: 20015595.
Article
196. Lu LF, Rudensky A. Molecular orchestration of differentiation and function of regulatory T cells. Genes Dev. 2009; 23:1270–1282. PMID: 19487568.
Article
197. Lu LF, Boldin MP, Chaudhry A, Lin LL, Taganov KD, Hanada T, Yoshimura A, Baltimore D, Rudensky AY. Function of miR-146a in controlling Treg cell-mediated regulation of Th1 responses. Cell. 2010; 142:914–929. PMID: 20850013.
Article
198. Bopp T, Becker C, Klein M, Klein-Hessling S, Palmetshofer A, Serfling E, Heib V, Becker M, Kubach J, Schmitt S, Stoll S, Schild H, Staege MS, Stassen M, Jonuleit H, Schmitt E. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a key component of regulatory T cell-mediated suppression. J Exp Med. 2007; 204:1303–1310. PMID: 17502663.
Article
199. Asirvatham AJ, Gregorie CJ, Hu Z, Magner WJ, Tomasi TB. MicroRNA targets in immune genes and the Dicer/Argonaute and ARE machinery components. Mol Immunol. 2008; 45:1995–2006. PMID: 18061676.
Article
200. Kota J, Chivukula RR, O'Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Montgomery CL, Hwang HW, Chang TC, Vivekanandan P, Torbenson M, Clark KR, Mendell JR, Mendell JT. Therapeutic microRNA delivery suppresses tumorigenesis in a murine liver cancer model. Cell. 2009; 137:1005–1017. PMID: 19524505.
Article
201. Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, Iorio MV, Visone R, Sever NI, Fabbri M, Iuliano R, Palumbo T, Pichiorri F, Roldo C, Garzon R, Sevignani C, Rassenti L, Alder H, Volinia S, Liu CG, Kipps TJ, Negrini M, Croce CM. A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:1793–1801. PMID: 16251535.
Article
202. Schetter AJ, Leung SY, Sohn JJ, Zanetti KA, Bowman ED, Yanaihara N, Yuen ST, Chan TL, Kwong DL, Au GK, Liu CG, Calin GA, Croce CM, Harris CC. MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA. 2008; 299:425–436. PMID: 18230780.
Article
203. Waldman SA, Terzic A. MicroRNA signatures as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Clin Chem. 2008; 54:943–944. PMID: 18509012.
Article
204. Inomata M, Tagawa H, Guo YM, Kameoka Y, Takahashi N, Sawada K. MicroRNA-17-92 down-regulates expression of distinct targets in different B-cell lymphoma subtypes. Blood. 2009; 113:396–402. PMID: 18941111.
Article
205. Packer AN, Xing Y, Harper SQ, Jones L, Davidson BL. The bifunctional microRNA miR-9/miR-9* regulates REST and CoREST and is downregulated in Huntington's disease. J Neurosci. 2008; 28:14341–14346. PMID: 19118166.
206. Bullrich F, Fujii H, Calin G, Mabuchi H, Negrini M, Pekarsky Y, Rassenti L, Alder H, Reed JC, Keating MJ, Kipps TJ, Croce CM. Characterization of the 13q14 tumor suppressor locus in CLL: identification of ALT1, an alternative splice variant of the LEU2 gene. Cancer Res. 2001; 61:6640–6648. PMID: 11559527.
207. Garzon R, Heaphy CE, Havelange V, Fabbri M, Volinia S, Tsao T, Zanesi N, Kornblau SM, Marcucci G, Calin GA, Andreeff M, Croce CM. MicroRNA 29b functions in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2009; 114:5331–5341. PMID: 19850741.
Article
208. Tavazoie SF, Alarcón C, Oskarsson T, Padua D, Wang Q, Bos PD, Gerald WL, Massagué J. Endogenous human microRNAs that suppress breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 2008; 451:147–152. PMID: 18185580.
Article
209. Corsten MF, Dennert R, Jochems S, Kuznetsova T, Devaux Y, Hofstra L, Wagner DR, Staessen JA, Heymans S, Schroen B. Circulating MicroRNA-208b and MicroRNA-499 reflect myocardial damage in cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010; 3:499–506. PMID: 20921333.
Article
210. Wang K, Zhang S, Marzolf B, Troisch P, Brightman A, Hu Z, Hood LE, Galas DJ. Circulating microRNAs, potential biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106:4402–4407. PMID: 19246379.
Article
211. Schaefer A, Jung M, Mollenkopf HJ, Wagner I, Stephan C, Jentzmik F, Miller K, Lein M, Kristiansen G, Jung K. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of microRNA profiling in prostate carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2010; 126:1166–1176. PMID: 19676045.
Article
212. Heneghan HM, Miller N, Kerin MJ. MiRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010; 10:543–550. PMID: 20541466.
Article
213. De Smaele E, Ferretti E, Gulino A. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for CNS cancer and other disorders. Brain Res. 2010; 1338:100–111. PMID: 20380821.
Article
214. Zhi F, Chen X, Wang S, Xia X, Shi Y, Guan W, Shao N, Qu H, Yang C, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang R, Zen K, Zhang CY, Zhang J, Yang Y. The use of hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-181b and hsa-miR-106a as prognostic indicators of astrocytoma. Eur J Cancer. 2010; 46:1640–1649. PMID: 20219352.
Article
Full Text Links
  • IN
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr