Korean J Orthod.  2012 Aug;42(4):207-217. 10.4041/kjod.2012.42.4.207.

Histologic effects of intentional-socket-assisted orthodontic movement in rabbits

• Yu JY
• Lee W
• Park JH
• Bayome M
• Kim Y
• Kook YA

• KMID: 1435415
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2012.42.4.207

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an intentionally created socket on bone remodeling with orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits.
METHODS
Eighteen male rabbits weighing 3.8 - 4.25 kg were used. An 8-mm deep and 2-mm wide socket was drilled in the bone 1 mm mesial to the right mandibular first premolar. The left first premolar was extracted to serve as an extraction socket. A traction force of 100 cN was applied to the right first premolar and left second premolar. Sections were obtained at the middle third of the moving tooth for both the drilled and extraction sockets and evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analyses. The amount of tooth movement and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cell count were compared between the 2 groups using the Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS
At week 2, the distance of tooth movement was significantly higher in the intentional socket group (p < 0.05) than in the extraction socket group. The number of TRAP-positive cells decreased in week 2 but increased in week 3 (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the groups. Furthermore, results of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta staining revealed no significant differences.
CONCLUSIONS
The intentional socket group showed greater distance of tooth movement than did the extraction socket group at week 2. Osteoclast counts and results of immunohistochemical analyses suggested elevated bone remodeling in both the groups. Thus, osteotomy may be an effective modality for enhancing tooth movement in orthodontic treatment.

Keyword

Intentional socket; Accelerated tooth movement; Bone remodeling

MeSH Terms

Acid Phosphatase
Bicuspid
Bone Remodeling
Cell Count
Eosine Yellowish-(YS)
Hematoxylin
Humans
Intention
Isoenzymes
Male
Mandrillus
Osteoclasts
Osteotomy
Rabbits
Tooth
Tooth Movement
Traction
Transforming Growth Factors
Acid Phosphatase
Eosine Yellowish-(YS)
Hematoxylin
Isoenzymes
Transforming Growth Factors

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Study design and device. A, Buccal view; B, occlusal view of a schematic drawing. Right, drilled socket; left, extraction socket. The drilled socket was created mesial to the first premolar on the right side while the left first premolar was extracted. Clinical photos of rabbit mandible showing the occlusal view and the buccal views of the intentional and extraction sockets (C, D, and E, respectively).

• 

  Figure 2 Schematic drawing shows the method of measuring the amount of tooth movement. A, In the extraction socket group, the distance between the distal surface of 2nd premolar and the mesial surface of the 1st molar was measured. B, In the intentional socket group, the distance between the distal surface of 1st premolar and the mesial surface of 2nd premolar was measured.

• 

  Figure 3 Representative histological features of the intentional socket site in an undecalcified section. The extraction (Ext.) socket group (A, ×40) shows newly formed bone (NB) and host bone after 2 weeks. B, Fluorescent microscope photo of A. At week 2, the intentional socket group (C, ×40) shows new bone under fluorescence microscopy (D, ×100) and active osteoblasts (E, ×100).

• 

  Figure 4 Comparison of tooth movement between the extraction and intentional socket groups. The intentional socket group showed significantly higher amount of movement in week 2 (p < 0.05).

• 

  Figure 5 Microphotograph of the periodontium with H&E staining. A, C, E, Extraction socket at weeks 1, 2, and 4, respectively; B, D, F, intentional socket at weeks 1, 2, and 4. PDL, Periodontal ligament; Alv, alveolar bone. Note the enlarged PDL space in B, D, and F, and the increased number of osteoclasts on some resorbed bone surfaces, especially at week 1 in the intentional socket (B), which might have caused the enlarged PDL space by its increased activity. Root resorption can be noticed in E. The figure suggests elevated alveolar bone resorption in both groups from week 1 - 4, particularly in the intentional socket group.

• 

  Figure 6 Microphotograph of periodontal tissues with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. A, C, and E, Extraction socket group; B, D, and F, intentional socket group. A and B are week 2 specimens, while C, D, E, and F are week 3 specimens. TRAP-positive cells can be observed on the compression side along the resorbed surface of the alveolar bone. The intentional socket group shows several clusters of TRAP-positive cells, while the extraction socket group forms a straight band. There were no significant differences in the TRAP-positive cells/area between the 2 groups.

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