Int Neurourol J.
2021 Nov;25(Suppl 2):S63-71. 10.5213/inj.2142338.169.
Maternal Swimming Exercise During Pregnancy Improves Memory Through Enhancing Neurogenesis and Suppressing Apoptosis via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Autistic Mice
- Affiliations
-
- 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- 2School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- 3College of Culture and Sports, Division of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
- 4Department of Human Health Care, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- 5Department of Sport Rehabilitation, College of Health, Welfare and Education, Tongmyong University, Busan, Korea
- KMID: 2522744
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.5213/inj.2142338.169
Abstract
- Purpose
Wnt pathway is closely related to neurodevelopmental process associated with cognitive function. After administration of valproic acid to the pregnant mice, the effect of swimming exercise of pregnant mice on the memory, neuronal production, and apoptosis of pups was studied in relation with Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Methods
On day 12 of pregnancy, mice were injected subcutaneously with 400-mg/kg valproic acid. The pregnant mice in the control with swimming exercise group and in the valproic acid injection with swimming exercise group were allowed for swimming for 30 minutes one time per a day, repeated 5 days per a week, during 3 weeks. Step-through avoidance task and Morris water maze task for memory function, immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells and western blot for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Wnt, β-catenin, Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), cleaved caspase-3 were carried out.
Results
Maternal swimming exercise during pregnancy improved memory function, increased BDNF expression, and neuronal proliferation in the valproic acid injected pups. Maternal swimming exercise during pregnancy suppressed Wnt expression and phosphorylation of β-catenin in the valproic acid injected pups. Maternal swimming exercise inhibited Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression and increased Bcl-2 expression in the valproic acid injected pups.
Conclusions
Maternal swimming exercise during pregnancy improved memory function by increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade activation in the valproic acid injected pups. Maternal swimming exercise during pregnancy may have a protective effect on factors that induce autism in the fetus.
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