Korean J Community Nutr.  2018 Apr;23(2):102-115. 10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.102.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul

• Kim DM
• Kim YR
• Kim KH

• KMID: 2428674
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.102

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Although breakfast is important to nutrition balance, prevention of overeating, and weight control, people in their 20s (males: 55.1%, females: 49.9%) were reported to have the highest rate of skipping breakfast in 2016 Korea Health Statistics. This study aims to examine dietary habits and nutrient intake depending on breakfast frequency among young women in Seoul.
METHODS
The subjects were 655 young women in Seoul from August to October 2016, and the survey was performed by using a questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary habits, and eating behavior. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. Nutritional status was examined by the 24-hour recall method.
RESULTS
The participants were classified by breakfast intake frequency; "˜â‰¥ 5 times/week (n=160)', "˜1-4 times/week (n=327)', and "˜breakfast skipping (n=168)'. The "˜breakfast skipping' group had lower frequency and regularity of meals. In addition, the "˜breakfast skipping' group had a higher frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. There was no difference in total calories between the "˜breakfast skipping' group and other groups, but the "˜breakfast skipping' group had significantly low carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The participants showed lower intakes of calories, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, calcium, potassium, and zinc in comparison with recommended intakes. Especially, the "˜breakfast skipping' group had significantly lower fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, potassium levels compared to the "˜â‰¥ 5 times/week' group. For Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the "˜breakfast skipping' group recorded a ratio of 0.60, which was lower than those of other groups. Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) including fiber, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the breakfast skipper group, compared to the breakfast eater group.
CONCLUSIONS
The "˜breakfast skipping' group showed low regularity of meals and a high frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. The breakfast regular eater group showed high intake of micronutrients and quality of meals was high in general. Skipping breakfast could lower nutrient intake and quality of meals, which requires attention.

Keyword

Breakfast frequency; young women; nutritional status; nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR)

MeSH Terms

Ascorbic Acid
Body Composition
Breakfast*
Calcium
Electric Impedance
Feeding Behavior
Female
Folic Acid
Food Habits*
Humans
Hyperphagia
Korea
Meals
Methods
Micronutrients
Niacin
Nutritional Status*
Nutritive Value
Phosphorus
Potassium
Seoul*
Vitamin A
Zinc
Ascorbic Acid
Calcium
Folic Acid
Micronutrients
Niacin
Phosphorus
Potassium
Vitamin A
Zinc

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 The percent of recommended energy and nutrient intake of the young women by breakfast frequency

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