Intest Res.  2016 Apr;14(2):127-138. 10.5217/ir.2016.14.2.127.

Pathogenic role of the gut microbiota in gastrointestinal diseases

• Nagao-Kitamoto H
• Kitamoto S
• Kuffa P
• Kamada N

• KMID: 2425285
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2016.14.2.127

Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by a dense community of commensal microorganisms referred to as the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota and the host have co-evolved, and they engage in a myriad of immunogenic and metabolic interactions. The gut microbiota contributes to the maintenance of host health. However, when healthy microbial structure is perturbed, a condition termed dysbiosis, the altered gut microbiota can trigger the development of various GI diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as genetic variations, diet, stress, and medication, can dramatically affect the balance of the gut microbiota. Therefore, these factors regulate the development and progression of GI diseases by inducing dysbiosis. Herein, we will review the recent advances in the field, focusing on the mechanisms through which intrinsic and extrinsic factors induce dysbiosis and the role a dysbiotic microbiota plays in the pathogenesis of GI diseases.

Keyword

Gut microbiota; Gastrointestinal microbiome; Dysbiosis; Pathobiont; Gastrointestinal diseases

MeSH Terms

Celiac Disease
Colon
Colonic Neoplasms
Diet
Dysbiosis
Gastrointestinal Diseases*
Genetic Variation
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Microbiota*

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 The pathogenic role of the gut microbiota in gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Various environmental and immunological factors cause gut dysbiosis. The dysbiotic microbiota exhibits abnormal immune stimulating capacity as well as impaired metabolic functions that lead to development of GI diseases, such as IBD.

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