Chonnam Med J.  2018 May;54(2):83-89. 10.4068/cmj.2018.54.2.83.

Can Tissue Cilia Lengths and Urine Cilia Proteins Be Markers of Kidney Diseases?

• Park KM

• KMID: 2411891
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2018.54.2.83

Abstract

The primary cilium is an organelle which consists of a microtubule in the core and a surrounding cilia membrane, and has long been recognized as a "vestigial organelle". However, new evidence demonstrates that the primary cilium has a notable effect on signal transduction in the cell and is associated with some genetic and non-genetic diseases. In the kidney, the primary cilium protrudes into the Bowman's space and the tubular lumen from the apical side of epithelial cells. The length of primary cilia is dynamically altered during the normal cell cycle, being shortened by retraction into the cell body at the entry of cell division and elongated at differentiation. Furthermore, the length of primary cilia is also dynamically changed in the cells, as a result and/or cause, during the progression of various kidney diseases including acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Notably, recent data has demonstrated that the shortening of the primary cilium in the cell is associated with fragmentation, apart from retraction into the cell body, in the progression of diseases and that the fragmented primary cilia are released into the urine. This data reveals that the alteration of primary cilia length could be related to the progression of diseases. This review will consider if primary cilia length alteration is associated with the progression of kidney diseases and if the length of tissue primary cilia and the presence or increase of cilia proteins in the urine is indicative of kidney diseases.

Keyword

Cilia; Deciliation; Acute Kidney Injury; Ischemia; Biomarker

MeSH Terms

Acute Kidney Injury
Cell Body
Cell Cycle
Cell Division
Cilia*
Epithelial Cells
Ischemia
Kidney Diseases*
Kidney*
Membranes
Microtubules
Organelles
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Signal Transduction

Figure

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  FIG. 1 Primary cilia in the kidney epithelial cells. Primary cilia are expressed on the parietal cells in the renal corpuscle, proximal tubular cells, distal tubular cells, Henle's loop cells, and principal cells of the collecting duct, whereas primary cilia are absent on the intercalated cells of the collecting duct.

• 

  FIG. 2 Alteration of primary cilia length on the kidney epithelial cells after injury. Normal tubule cells have one primary cilia on each of the tubular cells. Insult causes cell damage and the loss of primary cilia. Less damaged cells start dedifferentiation or proliferation with short, or absent, primary cilia through shedding or retraction. Redifferentiated cells have long primary cilia. In completely recovered kidney cells, primary cilia lengths return to normal size.

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  FIG. 3 Draining of disrupted primary cilia into the urine. When the epithelial cells are damaged, the primary cilia of the epithelial cells are disrupted, drained into the ultrafiltrate and excreted into the urine.

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