Nutr Res Pract.  2015 Jun;9(3):288-295. 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.3.288.

Breakfast skipping and breakfast type are associated with daily nutrient intakes and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults

• Chung SJ
• Lee Y
• Lee S
• Choi K

• KMID: 2313842
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2015.9.3.288

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Emerging evidence shows that eating breakfast and breakfast types may be associated with health outcomes and dietary intakes in various populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between breakfast types in Korean adults with their daily nutrient intakes and health outcomes.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
A total of 11,801 20- to 64-year-old adults (age 42.9 +/- 11.8 yrs [mean +/- standard error of the mean]; male 41.1%, female 58.9%) in 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey data were divided into 5 groups based on breakfast types in a 24-hr dietary recall: rice with 3 or more side dishes (Rice3+, 35.3%), rice with 0-2 side dishes (Rice0-2, 34.73%), noodles (1.56%), bread and cereal (6.56%), and breakfast skipping (21.63%). Daily nutrient intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome were compared among five groups.
RESULTS
Compared with Korean Recommended Nutrient Intake levels, the breakfast-skipping group showed the lowest intake level in most nutrients, whereas the Rice3+ group showed the highest. Fat intake was higher in the bread and noodle groups than in the other groups. When compared with the Rice3+ group, the odds ratios for the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome were increased in the breakfast skipping, Rice0-2, and noodle groups after controlling for confounding variables.
CONCLUSIONS
The rice-based breakfast group showed better nutritional status and health outcomes when eating with 3 or more side dishes. Nutrition education is needed to emphasize both the potential advantage of the rice-based, traditional Korean diet in terms of nutritional content and the importance of food diversity.

Keyword

Breakfast type; nutrient intakes; variety; Korean adults; metabolic syndrome

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Bread
Breakfast*
Edible Grain
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)
Diet
Eating
Education
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Surveys
Nutritional Status
Obesity
Odds Ratio

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