Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.  2011 Dec;14(4):340-349. 10.5223/kjpgn.2011.14.4.340.

Breakfast and Health in Adolescents

• Park KY

• KMID: 2277705
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5223/kjpgn.2011.14.4.340

Abstract

Breakfast is an important meal for adolescents to supply adequate nutrition for growth and maintenance and to prevent chronic disease. Nevertheless, the rate of skipping breakfast, which decreased 6 years ago, has gradually increased again in recent years in Korea. Manystudies show that skipping breakfast increases the risk for obesity, amenorrhea, and poor academic performance. The recommended breakfast for adolescents is a low glycemic load (GL) diet, fiber-rich family breakfast. The hunger and lazy feeling after breakfast are enhanced by a high GL and low fiber diet, which leads to additional intake of calories. A family breakfast can help to maintain a healthy life-style and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease.

Keyword

Breakfast; Adolescent; Obesity; Academic performance

MeSH Terms

Adolescent
Amenorrhea
Breakfast
Cardiovascular Diseases
Chronic Disease
Diet
Female
Humans
Hunger
Korea
Meals
Obesity

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 This schematic diagram shows the theoretical mechanism: Good breakfast and life-style habits prevent the development of obesity and chronic diseases. Modified from reference 13.

• 

  Fig. 2 This diagram shows the hypothesis: High glycemic loaded foods are linked with the development of type 2 diabetes. Modified from reference 31.

Reference

1. The third Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey (KYRBWS) 2006-2007. 2008. Seoul: Ministry of health and welfare, Korea centers for disease control and prevention and Ministry of education, science and technology.

2. Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB, Samuel P. Effect of breakfast comsumption on cognitive processes in elementary school children. Physiol Behav. 2005. 85:635–645.

3. Wesnes KA, Pincock C, Richardson D, Helm G, Hails S. Breakfast reduces declines in attention and memory over the morning in schoolchildren. Appetite. 2003. 41:329–331.

4. Pereira MA, Erickson E, McKee P, Schrankler K, Raatz SK, Lytle LA, et al. Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. J Nutr. 2011. 141:163–168.

5. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV-2. 2007-2008. 2008. Seoul: Korea centers for disease control and prevention.

6. Moreno LA, Rodriguez G. Dietary risk factors for development of childhood obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007. 10:336–341.

7. Tin SPP, Ho SY, Mak KH, Wan KL, Lam TH. Lifestyle and socioeconomic correlates of breakfast skipping in Hong Kong primary 4 schoolchildren. Prev Med. 2011. 52:250–253.

8. Timlin MT, Pereira MA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Breakfast eating and weight change in a 5-year prospective analysis of adolescents: Project EAT (Eating Among Teens). Pediatrics. 2008. 121:e638–e645.

9. Ashwell M. An examination of the relationship between breakfast, weight and shape. Br J Nurs. 2010. 19:1155–1159.

10. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004. 28:653–660.

11. Nicklas TA, Myers L, Reger C, Beech B, Berenson GS. Impact of breakfast consumption on nutritional adequacy of the diets of young adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana: ethnic and gender contrasts. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998. 98:1432–1438.

12. Kleemola P, Puska P, Vartiainen E, Roos E, Luoto R, Ehnholm C. The effect of breakfast cereal on diet and serum cholesterol: a randomized trial in North Karelia, Finland. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999. 53:716–721.

13. Timlin MT, Pereira MA. Breakfast frequency and quality in the etiology of adult obesity and chronic diseases. Nutr Rev. 2007. 65:268–281.

14. Fujiwara T, Nakata R. Skipping breakfast is associated with reproductive dysfunction in post-adolescent female college students. Appetite. 2010. 55:714–717.

15. Cromer BA, Tarnowski KJ, Stein AM, Harton P, Thornton DJ. The school breakfast program and cognition in adolescents. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1990. 11:295–300.

16. Dickie NH, Bender AE. Breakfast and performance in school children. Br J Nutr. 1982. 48:483–496.

17. Lopez I, de Andraca I, Perales CG, Heresi E, Castillo M, Colombo M. Breakfast omission and cognitive performance of normal, wasted and stunted schoolchildren. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993. 47:533–542.

18. Pollitt E, Cueto S, Jacoby ER. Fasting and cognition in well- and undernourished schoolchildren: a review of three experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998. 67(4):779S–784S.

19. Pollitt E, Mathews R. Breakfast and cognition: an integrative summary. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998. 67(4):804S–813S.

20. Simeon DT. School feeding in Jamaica: a review of its evaluation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998. 67(4):790S–794S.

21. Vaisman N, Voet H, Akivis A, Vakil E. Effect of breakfast timing on the cognitive functions of elementary school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996. 150:1089–1092.

22. Murphy JM, Pagano ME, Nachmani J, Sperling P, Kane S, Kleinman RE. The relationship of school breakfast to psychosocial and academic functioning cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in an inner-city school sample. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998. 152:899–907.

23. Tanaka M, Mizuno K, Fukuda S, Shigihara Y, Watanabe Y. Relationships between dietary habits and the prevalence of fatigue in medical students. Nutrition. 2008. 24:985–989.

24. Yeoh YJ, Yoon JH, Shim JE, Chung SJ. Factors associated with skipping breakfast in Korean children: analysis of data from the 2001 national health and nutrition survey. Korean J Community Nutr. 2008. 13:62–68.

25. Rampersaud GC. Benefits of breakfast for children and adolescents: update and recommendations for practitioners. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2009. 3:86. Available from: http://ajl.sagepub.com/content/3/2/86.full.pdf.

26. Schusdziarra V, Hausmann M, Wittke C, Mittermeier J, Kellner M, Naumann A, et al. Impact of breakfast on daily energy intake-an analysis of absolute versus relative breakfast calories. Nutr J. 2011. 10:5. Available from: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-10-5.pdf.

27. Warren JM, Henry CJ, Simonite V. Low glycemic index breakfasts and reduced food intake in preadolescent children. Pediatrics. 2003. 112:e414.

28. LaCombe A, Ganji V. Influence of two breakfast meals differing in glycemic load on satiety, hunger, and energy intake in preschool children. Nutr J. 2010. 9:53. Available from: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-9-53.pdf.

29. Kim IJ. Glycemic index revisited. Korean Diabetes J. 2009. 33:261–266.

30. Kim JS. Glycemic effects of food. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007. 10:1 Suppl. 13S–21S.

31. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2002. 287:2414–2423.

32. Henningsson A, Bjorck I, Nyman M. Short chain fatty acid formation at fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. Scand J Nutr. 2001. 45:165–168.

33. Lee S, Chung SJ, Choi K. Relationship between nutrient intake and biochemical index with breakfast eating in Korean adults: analysis of data from the 2007 national health and nutrition survey. Korean J Food Cult. 2011. 26:94–99.

34. van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, Wendel-Vos W, Giskes K, van Lenthe F, et al. A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth. Health Educ Res. 2007. 22:203–226.

35. Lee YN, Lee JS, Ko YM, Woo JS, Kim BH, Choi HM. Study on the food habits of college students by residents by residences. Korean J Comm Nutr. 1996. 1:189–200.

36. Yun S, Jeong HR, Kim MH. A survey on the breakfast skipping rate of Korean adults relative to their lifestyle and breakfast skipping reasons and dietary behavior of Breakfast Skippers. Korean J Community Nutr. 2010. 15:191–205.

37. Bae SH, Seo JW. Seo JW, editor. Nutritional support in schoolchild and adolescent. Nutrition in childhood. 2002. Seoul: Gwangmoon;100–108.