Nutr Res Pract.  2009 Jun;3(2):162-166.

Dietary patterns associated with hypertension among Korean males

• Kim YO

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to identify the dietary patterns associated with hypertension among Korean males. Data from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey of 1,869 men aged 20-65 years were used for the analysis. As an initial analysis, a factor analysis was applied to identify major dietary patterns among the subjects. Then logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the pattern related with hypertension. As a result of the initial analysis, three major dietary patterns were identified. Dietary pattern 1 (traditional) was heavily loaded with vegetables, fish and cereal. Dietary pattern 2 (Western) was loaded with fast foods, bread, meats and dairy products. Dietary pattern 3 (Drinker) was loaded with mostly pork, beer and soju (Korean liquor). From the second stage of the analysis, there was a tendency of positive association between traditional patterns and hypertension risks. However, the tendency did not meet statistical significance level (p<0.05). In summary, unlikely findings from European and American studies, vegetables rich traditional dietary patterns did not show any protective effect on hypertension in Korean males. The Korean dietary practice, which is consuming salted vegetables instead of fresh vegetables, might have played a role in these findings. However, the full explanation of the findings remained to be answered with further investigation since none of the dietary patterns identified showed any statistical significance.

Keyword

Dietary pattern; hypertension; Korean; factor analysis; odds ratio

MeSH Terms

Aged
Beer
Bread
Edible Grain
Dairy Products
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Fast Foods
Humans
Hypertension
Logistic Models
Male
Meat
Nutrition Surveys
Odds Ratio
Vegetables

Reference

1. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997. 336:1117–1124.

2. Arroll B, Beaglehole R. Does physical activity lower blood pressure? : A critical review of the clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992. 45:439–447.

3. Blair SN, Goodyear NN, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women. JAMA. 1984. 252:487–490.

4. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Lusardi P, Marasi G, Villa G, Vanasia A. Cigarette smoking and blood pressure in a worker population: a cross-sectional study. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996. 3:55–59.

5. Geory SM, Williams IM, Stanton WR, Silva PA. Smoking and blood pressure in 15 year olds in Dunedin New Zealand. Br Med J. 1991. 302:89–90.

6. Gorsuch Rl. Factor Analysis. 1983. Philadelphia. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

7. Gruchow HW, Sobocinski KA, Barboriak JJ. Alcohol, nutrient intake, and hypertension in adults. JAMA. 1985. 253:1567–1570.

8. Imamura H, Tanaka K, Hirae C, Futagami T, Yoshimura Y, Uchida K, Tanaka A, Kobata D. Relationship of cigarette smoking to blood pressure and serum lipid and lipoproteins in men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996. 23:397–402.

9. Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Prospective study of three major dietary patterns and risk of gastric cancer in Japan. Int J Cancer. 2004. 110:435–442.

10. Kim MK, Lee JY, Kim Y. Effects of alcohol consumption to blood lipids among Korean adults: the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition. Cancer prevention Research. 2005. 10:173–179.

11. Kim Y, Lee SY. Dietary patterns and health behaviors of hypertensive Korean adults. Nutraceuticals and Food. 2002. 7:201–206.

12. Konstantinova SV, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Ulvik A, Drevon CA, Ueland PM. Dietary patterns, food groups and nutrient as predictors of plasma cholin and betaine in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008. 88:1663–1669.

13. Lin H, Bermudez OI, Tucker KL. Dietary patterns of Hispanic elders are associated with acculturation and obesity. J Nutr. 2003. 133:3651–3657.

14. Marmot MG, Elliott P, Shiplay MJ. Alcohol and blood pressure: The intersalt study. Br Med J. 1994. 308:1263–1267.

15. Maskarinec G, Novotny R, Tasaki K. Dietary patterns are associated with body mass index in multiethenic women. J Nutr. 2000. 130:3068–3072.

16. Midgley JP, Matthew AG, Greenwood CMT. Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1996. 275:1590–1597.

17. Ministry of Health & Social Welfare. Report of National Health and Nutrition Survey Report - #11-1460000-001727-12. 1999. Seoul. Republic of Korea: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

18. Ministry of Health & Welfare. Report of 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Seoul. Republic of Korea: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

19. National Rural Living Science Institute. Food Composition Table. 2001. 6th revision. Seoul. Republic of Korea: Rural Development Administration.

20. Newby PK, Muller D, Hallfrisch J, Andres R, Tucker KL. Food patterns measured by factor analysis and anthropometric changes in adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004. 80:504–513.

21. Paffenbarger RC, Wing AL, Hyde RT. Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 1983. 117:245–257.

22. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandonggen R. Evidence for a direct pressure effect of alcohol consumption on blood pressure in normotensive men: A randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 1985. 7:707–713.

23. Randall E, Marshall J, Brasure J, Graham S. Dietary patterns and colon cancer in western New York. Nutr Cancer. 1992. 18:265–276.

24. Sadakane A, Tsutsumi A, Gotoh T, Ishikawa S, Ojima T, Kario K, Nakamura Y, Kayaba K. Dietary pattern and level of blood pressure and serum lipids in a Japanese population. J Epidemiol. 2008. 18:58–67.

25. Schulze MB, Hoffman MB, Kroke A, Boeing H. An approach to construct simplified measure of dietary patterns from exploratory factor analysis. Br J Nutr. 2003. 89:409–419.

26. Song YJ, Joung H, Engelhardt K, Yoo SY, Paik HY. Traditional v. modified dietary patterns and their influence on adolescents' nutritional profile. Br J Nutr. 2005. 93:943–949.

27. Stamler J, Caggiula A, Grandits GA, Kjelsberg M, Cutler JA. Relationship to blood pressure of combination of dietary macronutrients: finding of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Circulation. 1996. 94:2417–2423.

28. World Health Organization. Report of joint FAO/WHO consultation: Preparation and use of food-based dietary guidelines. 1998. Geneva. Switzerland: World Health Organization.