Clin Exp Vaccine Res.  2016 Jan;5(1):12-18. 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.1.12.

Recent vaccine technology in industrial animals

• Kim H
• Lee YK
• Kang SC
• Han BK
• Choi KM

• KMID: 2152692
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2016.5.1.12

Abstract

Various new technologies have been applied for developing vaccines against various animal diseases. Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine technology was used for manufacturing the porcine circovirus type 2 and RNA particle vaccines based on an alphavirus vector for porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Although VLP is classified as a killed-virus vaccine, because its structure is similar to the original virus, it can induce long-term and cell-mediated immunity. The RNA particle vaccine used a Venezuela equine encephalitis (VEE) virus gene as a vector. The VEE virus partial gene can be substituted with the PED virus spike gene. Recombinant vaccines can be produced by substitution of the target gene in the VEE vector. Both of these new vaccine technologies made it possible to control the infectious disease efficiently in a relatively short time.

Keyword

Vaccines; Virus-like particle vaccines; Porcine circovirus; Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

MeSH Terms

Alphavirus
Animal Diseases
Animals*
Circovirus
Communicable Diseases
Diarrhea
Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine
Encephalomyelitis, Equine
Immunity, Cellular
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
RNA
Vaccines
Vaccines, Synthetic
Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle
Venezuela
RNA
Vaccines
Vaccines, Synthetic
Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) affected pigs. (A) The pigs showed severe wasting symptoms. (B) The lymph node showed lymphoid depletion with histiocytic infiltration in lymphoid follicles (H&E staining, scale bar=50 µm). (C) Many PCV2 antigens (brown diaminobenzidine reaction) within the cytoplasm of histiocytic cells were observed in the lymphoid follicles (immunohistochemisty, scale bar=50 µm).

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  Fig. 2 Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) detection rate in aborted fetuses using polymerase chain reaction. PCV2 virus can infect the fetus and cause abortion. After beginning PCV2 vaccine inoculation, PCV2 positive rates decreased from 58.9% to 0.9%.

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  Fig. 3 Characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) virus-like particles (VLPs). (A) Baculovirus and PCV2 VLPs are observed by scanning electron microscopy. Baculovirus and PCV2 VLPs were cultured in the sf9 insect cell line (scale bar=200 nm). The original size of PCV2 is approximately 15-20 nm in diameter [13]. The visible PCV2 VLPs were similar to authentic PCV2 particles in size and morphology. (B) A PCV2 VLP cluster was observed inside a sf9 cell by transmission electron microscopy (scale bar=2 µm).

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  Fig. 4 Comparison of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) affected (A, C) and non-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected (B, D) piglets. (A) The walls of the small intestine were thin and transparent. (B) No remarkable changes were found in the small intestine. (C) Severe villous atrophy and degeneration of epithelial cells were observed in the small intestine (H&E staining, scale bar=100 µm). Insert: PED antigens showed the apical portion of epithelial cells of atrophic villi (arrow, immunohistochemistry). (D) The villous height/crypt depth ratio was the range of normal sucking piglets (H&E staining, scale bar=100 µm).

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  Fig. 5 Piglet survival rate post–porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) challenges in PEDV naive dams with or without alphavirus vector PED vaccine inoculation. The no vaccinated group showed 80% mortality but the vaccinated group showed 20% mortality (courtesy of Harris Vaccine Inc., Ames, IW, USA [not published]).

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