1. Paffett ML, Hesterman J, Candelaria G, Lucas S, Anderson T, Irwin D, Hoppin J, Norenberg J, Campen MJ. Longitudinal in vivo SPECT/CT imaging reveals morphological changes and cardiopulmonary apoptosis in a rodent model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e40910.
2. Liang OD, Mitsialis SA, Chang MS, Vergadi E, Lee C, Aslam M, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Liu X, Baveja R, Kourembanas S. Mesenchymal stromal cells expressing heme oxygenase-1 reverse pulmonary hypertension. Stem Cells. 2011; 29:99–107.
3. Fukumoto Y, Shimokawa H. Recent progress in the management of pulmonary hypertension. Circ J. 2011; 75:1801–1810.
4. Li B, Yang L, Shen J, Wang C, Jiang Z. The antiproliferative effect of sildenafil on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is mediated via upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and degradation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Anesth Analg. 2007; 105:1034–1041.
5. Can MM, TanboğZa IH, Demircan HC, Ozkan A, Koca F, Keleş N, Sönmez K, Kaymaz C, Serebruany V. Enhanced hemostatic indices in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: an observational study. Thromb Res. 2010; 126:280–282.
6. Zhao YD, Courtman DW, Ng DS, Robb MJ, Deng YP, Trogadis J, Han RN, Stewart DJ. Microvascular regeneration in established pulmonary hypertension by angiogenic gene transfer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006; 35:182–189.
7. Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, Schwartz RE, Keene CD, Ortiz-Gonzalez XR, Reyes M, Lenvik T, Lund T, Blackstad M, Du J, Aldrich S, Lisberg A, Low WC, Largaespada DA, Verfaillie CM. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature. 2002; 418:41–49.
8. Petersen BE, Bowen WC, Patrene KD, Mars WM, Sullivan AK, Murase N, Boggs SS, Greenberger JS, Goff JP. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science. 1999; 284:1168–1170.
9. Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for non-hematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997; 276:71–74.
10. Prockop DJ, Gregory CA, Spees JL. One strategy for cell and gene therapy: harnessing the power of adult stem cells to repair tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100:Suppl 1. 11917–11923.
11. Schwartz RE, Reyes M, Koodie L, Jiang Y, Blackstad M, Lund T, Lenvik T, Johnson S, Hu WS, Verfaillie CM. Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells. J Clin Invest. 2002; 109:1291–1302.
12. Friedenstein AJ, Piatetzky-Shapiro II, Petrakova KV. Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1966; 16:381–390.
13. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999; 284:143–147.
14. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P, Lorenz HP, Hedrick MH. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng. 2001; 7:211–228.
15. Bieback K, Kern S, Klüter H, Eichler H. Critical parameters for the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Stem Cells. 2004; 22:625–634.
16. Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Haematol. 2000; 109:235–242.
17. Goodwin HS, Bicknese AR, Chien SN, Bogucki BD, Quinn CO, Wall DA. Multilineage differentiation activity by cells isolated from umbilical cord blood: expression of bone, fat, and neural markers. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2001; 7:581–588.
18. Kogler G, Sensken S, Airey JA, Trapp T, Müschen M, Feldhahn N, Liedtke S, Sorg RV, Fischer J, Rosenbaum C, Greschat S, Knipper A, Bender J, Degistirici O, Gao J, Caplan AI, Colletti EJ, Almeida-Porada G, Müller HW, Zanjani E, Wernet P. A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential. J Exp Med. 2004; 200:123–135.
19. Zvaifler NJ, Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Adams G, Edwards CJ, Moss J, Burger JA, Maini RN. Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals. Arthritis Res. 2000; 2:477–488.
20. Kuznetsov SA, Mankani MH, Gronthos S, Satomura K, Bianco P, Robey PG. Circulating skeletal stem cells. J Cell Biol. 2001; 153:1133–1140.
21. Javazon EH, Beggs KJ, Flake AW. Mesenchymal stem cells: paradoxes of passaging. Exp Hematol. 2004; 32:414–425.
22. Bull TM, Coldren CD, Moore M, Sotto-Santiago SM, Pham DV, Nana-Sinkam SP, Voelkel NF, Geraci MW. Gene microarray analysis of peripheral blood cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 170:911–919.
23. Menon S, Fessel J, West J. Microarray studies in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2011; (169):19–28.
24. Rajkumar R, Konishi K, Richards TJ, Ishizawar DC, Wiechert AC, Kaminski N, Ahmad F. Genomewide RNA expression profiling in lung identifies distinct signatures in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010; 298:H1235–H1248.
25. Lee JC, Choe SY, Cha CI. Region-specific changes in the immunoreactivity of Atg9A in the central nervous system of SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. Anat Cell Biol. 2014; 47:101–110.
26. Kim ES, Chang YS, Choi SJ, Kim JK, Yoo HS, Ahn SY, Sung DK, Kim SY, Park YR, Park WS. Intratracheal transplantation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuates Escherichia coli-induced acute lung injury in mice. Respir Res. 2011; 12:108.
27. Kim KC, Lee HR, Kim SJ, Cho MS, Hong YM. Changes of gene expression after bone marrow cell transfusion in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Korean Med Sci. 2012; 27:605–613.
28. Umar S, de Visser YP, Steendijk P, Schutte CI, Laghmani el H, Wagenaar GT, Bax WH, Mantikou E, Pijnappels DA, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, van der Wall EE, van der Laarse A. Allogenic stem cell therapy improves right ventricular function by improving lung pathology in rats with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009; 297:H1606–H1616.
29. Daley E, Emson C, Guignabert C, de Waal Malefyt R, Louten J, Kurup VP, Hogaboam C, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Voelkel NF, Rabinovitch M, Grunig E, Grunig G. Pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by a Th2 immune response. J Exp Med. 2008; 205:361–372.
30. El Chami H, Hassoun PM. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012; 55:218–228.
31. George PM, Badiger R, Shao D, Edwards MR, Wort SJ, Paul-Clark MJ, Mitchell JA. Viral Toll like receptor activation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells results in endothelin-1 generation; relevance to pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012; 426:486–491.
32. Ross DJ, Strieter RM, Fishbein MC, Ardehali A, Belperio JA. Type I immune response cytokine-chemokine cascade is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012; 31:865–873.
33. Aschermann M, Jansa P. Drug therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension in 2014. Vnitr Lek. 2014; 60:282–288.
34. Idrees MM, Swiston J, Nizami I, Al Dalaan A, Levy RD. Saudi Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: medical and surgical management for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Thorac Med. 2014; 9:Suppl 1. S79–S91.
35. Raskin J, Qua D, Marks T, Sulica R. A retrospective study on the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Chron Respir Dis. 2014; 11:153–162.
36. Seferian A, Simonneau G. Pulmonary hypertension: definition, diagnostic and new classification. Presse Med. 2014; 43:935–944.
37. Han DM, Wang ZD, Ding L, Zheng XL, Yan HM, Xue M, Zhu L, Liu J, Wang HX. Effect of umbilical cord MSC infusion on the pulmonary infection in haploidentical hematopietic stem cell transplantation. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2014; 22:1084–1088.
38. Lee C, Mitsialis SA, Aslam M, Vitali SH, Vergadi E, Konstantinou G, Sdrimas K, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Kourembanas S. Exosomes mediate the cytoprotective action of mesenchymal stromal cells on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2012; 126:2601–2611.
39. Wang HY, Liu C, Wang Y, Zhang LL, Liu XR, Liu HL. Experimental treatment of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis with human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2013; 31:675–680.
40. Nagaya N, Kangawa K, Kanda M, Uematsu M, Horio T, Fukuyama N, Hino J, Harada-Shiba M, Okumura H, Tabata Y, Mochizuki N, Chiba Y, Nishioka K, Miyatake K, Asahara T, Hara H, Mori H. Hybrid cell-gene therapy for pulmonary hypertension based on phagocytosing action of endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation. 2003; 108:889–895.
41. Zhao YD, Courtman DW, Deng Y, Kugathasan L, Zhang Q, Stewart DJ. Rescue of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension using bone marrow-derived endotheliallike progenitor cells: efficacy of combined cell and eNOS gene therapy in established disease. Circ Res. 2005; 96:442–450.
42. Henke-Gendo C, Mengel M, Hoeper MM, Alkharsah K, Schulz TF. Absence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 172:1581–1585.
43. Hoshikawa Y, Nana-Sinkam P, Moore MD, Sotto-Santiago S, Phang T, Keith RL, Morris KG, Kondo T, Tuder RM, Voelkel NF, Geraci MW. Hypoxia induces different genes in the lungs of rats compared with mice. Physiol Genomics. 2003; 12:209–219.
44. Buermans HP, Redout EM, Schiel AE, Musters RJ, Zuidwijk M, Eijk PP, van Hardeveld C, Kasanmoentalib S, Visser FC, Ylstra B, Simonides WS. Microarray analysis reveals pivotal divergent mRNA expression profiles early in the development of either compensated ventricular hypertrophy or heart failure. Physiol Genomics. 2005; 21:314–323.
45. Hardie WD, Korfhagen TR, Sartor MA, Prestridge A, Medvedovic M, Le Cras TD, Ikegami M, Wesselkamper SC, Davidson C, Dietsch M, Nichols W, Whitsett JA, Leikauf GD. Genomic profile of matrix and vasculature remodeling in TGFalpha induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007; 37:309–321.
46. Spees JL, Whitney MJ, Sullivan DE, Lasky JA, Laboy M, Ylostalo J, Prockop DJ. Bone marrow progenitor cells contribute to repair and remodeling of the lung and heart in a rat model of progressive pulmonary hypertension. FASEB J. 2008; 22:1226–1236.