Nutr Res Pract.  2013 Oct;7(5):409-417. 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.5.409.

Effects of calcium intake, milk and dairy product intake, and blood vitamin D level on osteoporosis risk in Korean adults: analysis of the 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

• Hong H
• Kim EK
• Lee JS

• KMID: 1841313
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2013.7.5.409

Abstract

This study was performed to determine the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) intake, milk and dairy product intake, and serum vitamin D level on bone mineral density. The survey data from the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for adults (3,819 males, 5,625 females) aged > 20 years were examined; osteoporosis was defined according to the standards for Asian populations (T-score < -2.5). The risk for osteoporosis significantly decreased as Ca intake increased; this effect persisted (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 of Ca intake: odds ratio [OR] 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.87) even after adjustment for gender, age, and other factors (body mass index, serum vitamin D, menstruation, female hormone intake, menopausal status, and the number of days per week of muscular strength exercise). Additionally, the risk for osteoporosis significantly decreased as the Ca/P ratio increased (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: OR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58-0.98). The degree of risk was 0.96 (0.66-1.38) in those who consumed < 1 portion of milk or dairy products daily, and 0.71 (0.53-0.96) in those who consumed > 1 portion per day, compared with those who had zero intake. The risk for osteoporosis significantly decreased as the serum 25(OH) vitamin D level increased. From these results, we advocate an increase in Ca, milk, and dairy product intake, and that serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels be maintained within the normal range, for the maintenance of bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis in adults.

Keyword

Calcium; milk and dairy products; serum vitamin D level; osteoporosis; bone mineral density

MeSH Terms

Adult
Aged
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Bone Density
Calcium
Calcium, Dietary
Dairy Products
Female
Humans
Korea
Male
Menstruation
Milk
Nutrition Surveys
Odds Ratio
Osteoporosis
Reference Values
Vitamin D
Vitamins
Calcium
Calcium, Dietary
Vitamin D
Vitamins

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