J Dig Cancer Res.  2025 Apr;13(1):30-37. 10.52927/jdcr.2025.13.1.30.

Harnessing Milk-derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Application

• Jang H
• Yang Y

• KMID: 2567136
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.52927/jdcr.2025.13.1.30

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as highly promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, due to their biocompatibility, stability, and natural cell-targeting capabilities. Among the various sources of EVs, milk-derived EVs (MDEVs) have gained considerable attention for their abundance, cost-effectiveness, and distinctive biological properties. This review offers an in-depth analysis of MDEVs as potential carriers for oral drug delivery and their therapeutic applications. The review begins with an overview of the characteristics of EVs, highlighting the unique attributes of MDEVs. It proceeds to explore the different methods of isolation and purification, emphasizing those that maintain structural integrity and preserve biological activity. Furthermore, the regenerative potential of MDEVs is examined across multiple domains, including dermatology (skin wound healing and cosmetic applications), hair regeneration, and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Particular focus is given to the suitability of MDEVs for oral drug delivery, stressing their remarkable stability within the gastrointestinal tract, their ability to enhance bioavailability, and their capacity to traverse the intestinal barrier. The review also analyzes case studies of MDEV-based oral delivery systems used for treating intestinal diseases and systemic conditions, such as cancer. Finally, the review addresses the current challenges in the field, offers perspectives on future directions, and evaluates the clinical potential of MDEVbased therapies. This study provides valuable insights into the evolving field of milk-derived EVs and their applications in oral drug delivery and regenerative medicine.

Keyword

Extracellular vesicles; Drug delivery systems; Anti-inflammatory agents; Regenerative medicine; Administration, oral