Diabetes Metab J.  2024 Mar;48(2):170-183. 10.4093/dmj.2023.0272.

One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients, Genetic Variation, and Diabetes Mellitus

• Zhu J
• Saikia G
• Zhang X
• Shen X
• Kahe K

• KMID: 2553588
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0272

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects about 9.3% of the population globally. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DM, owing to its promotion of oxidative stress, β-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance. HHcy can result from low status of one-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients (e.g., folate, choline, betaine, vitamin B6, B12), which work together to degrade homocysteine by methylation. The etiology of HHcy may also involve genetic variation encoding key enzymes in OCM. This review aimed to provide an overview of the existing literature assessing the link between OCM nutrients status, related genetic factors, and incident DM. We also discussed possible mechanisms underlying the role of OCM in DM development and provided recommendations for future research and practice. Even though the available evidence remains inconsistent, some studies support the potential beneficial effects of intakes or blood levels of OCM nutrients on DM development. Moreover, certain variants in OCM-related genes may influence metabolic handling of methyl-donors and presumably incidental DM. Future studies are warranted to establish the causal inference between OCM and DM and examine the interaction of OCM nutrients and genetic factors with DM development, which will inform the personalized recommendations for OCM nutrients intakes on DM prevention.

Keyword

Betaine; Choline; Diabetes mellitus; Folic acid; Genes; Homocysteine; Riboflavin; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Figure

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  Fig. 1. One-carbon metabolism. SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; DMG, dimethylglycine; MT, methyltransferase; PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; CK, choline kinase; CHDH, choline dehydrogenase; BHMT, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase; Zn, zinc; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; CPT, cholinephosphotransferase; CDP, cytidine diphosphate; Choline-P, phosphocholine; CT, cytidylyltransferase; BADH, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase; CBS, cystathionine β-synthase; CTH, cystathionine γ-lyase; THF, tetrahydrofolate; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; DHF, dihydrofolate; MS, methionine synthase; 10-formyl THF, 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate; SHMT, serine hydroxymethyltransferase; dTMP, thymidine monophosphate; TS, thymidylate synthase; 5-MTHF, 5-methyl- tetrahydrofolate; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate; 5,10-MTHF, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

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