Diabetes Metab J.  2019 Dec;43(6):744-751. 10.4093/dmj.2019.0175.

Adult Stem Cells: Beyond Regenerative Tool, More as a Bio-Marker in Obesity and Diabetes

Affiliations
  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. ssen1@gwu.edu

Abstract

Obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are increasing rapidly worldwide and it is therefore important to know the effect of exercise and medications for diabetes and obesity on adult stem cells. Adult stem cells play a major role in remodeling and tissue regeneration. In this review we will focus mainly on two adult stem/progenitor cells such as endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in relation to aerobic exercise and diabetes medications, both of which can alter the course of regeneration and tissue remodelling. These two adult precursor and stem cells are easily obtained from peripheral blood or adipose tissue depots, as the case may be and are precursors to endothelium and mesenchymal tissue (fat, bone, muscle, and cartilage). They both are key players in maintenance of cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis and can act also as useful biomarkers.

Keyword

Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Hematopoietic stem cells; Mesenchymal stem cells; Obesity

MeSH Terms

Adipose Tissue
Adult Stem Cells*
Adult*
Biomarkers
Cardiovascular Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Endothelium
Exercise
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Homeostasis
Humans
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Obesity*
Regeneration
Stem Cells
Biomarkers

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and Wnt on mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. BMPs play vital role in osteogenic differentiation via Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) whereas Wnt prevent adipogenesis by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-G) and activating RUNX2. Adapted from Cook et al. [49], with permission from Springer Nature. Dxl5, distal less homeobox-5; SMAD1/5, Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth; SREBP1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein.


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