Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.  2017 Mar;22(1):1-5. 10.6065/apem.2017.22.1.1.

Bone modeling, remodeling, and skeletal health in children and adolescents: mineral accrual, assessment and treatment

• Maggioli C
• Stagi S

• KMID: 2409793
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2017.22.1.1

Abstract

The modeling and remodeling process of the bone is fundamental to maintaining its integrity and mechanical properties. Many physical and biochemical factors during childhood and adolescence are crucially important for the development of healthy bones. Systemic conditions, such as hormonal status, nutrition, physical inactivity, or many pharmacological treatments, as well as a local variation in the load, can influence bone turnover and, consequently, the attainment of a proper peak bone mass. However, many diseases affecting children and adolescents can be associated with a reduction in bone accrual or a loss of bone mass and quality, which leads to an increased risk of fracture over one's life. In this review, we examine the effects of genetics, physical activity, chronic diseases and pharmacological treatments, and dietary factors on bone integrity in children and adolescents. We also briefly describe the specific tools that are currently used in assessing bone health.

Keyword

Child; Bone health; Adolescent; Bone density

MeSH Terms

Adolescent*
Bone Density
Bone Remodeling
Child*
Chronic Disease
Genetics
Humans
Miners*
Motor Activity
Nutritional Status

Figure

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  Fig. 1 (A) Growth of bone mass in relation to height growth velocity and difference in peak bone mass between males (♂) and females (♀). (B) Difference in peak bone mass between males (♂) and females (♀) and factors and diseases that influence the peak bone mass and the risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis in adulthood.

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