J Nutr Health.  2017 Aug;50(4):391-401. 10.4163/jnh.2017.50.4.391.

Estimated flavonoid intakes according to socioeconomic status of Korean adults based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2012

• Kim SA
• Hei Y
• Jun S
• Wie GA
• Shin S
• Hong E
• Joung H

• KMID: 2389555
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.4.391

Abstract

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to estimate the dietary flavonoid intakes of Korean adults according to socioeconomic status.
METHODS
Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 31,112 subjects aged over 19 years were included in this study. We estimated individuals' daily intakes of total flavonoids and seven flavonoid subclasses, including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidin, and isoflavones,by linking food consumption data with the flavonoids database for commonly consumed Korean foods. We compared intakes of flavonoids according to the levels of household income and education.
RESULTS
Average dietary flavonoid intakes of the study subjects were 321.8 mg/d in men and 308.3 mg/d in women. Daily flavonoid intakes were positively associated with household income level (p < 0.0001) and education level (p < 0.0001). The subjects in the highest household income and highest education level group (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.30~0.45, p < 0.0001 in men, OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.41~0.60, p < 0.0001 in women) had a lower likelihood of having low total flavonoid intake (less than 25 percentile) compared to the lowest household income and lowest education level group. The food group that contributed to total flavonoid intake with the biggest difference between the lowest and highest groups for both household income level and education level was beverages.
CONCLUSION
This study shows that socioeconomic status was positively associated with flavonoid intake in a representative Korean population. Further research is needed to analyze the association of flavonoid intake with health outcomes according to socioeconomic status such as household income and education level.

Keyword

Flavonoids intake; socioeconomic status; household income; education; KNHANES

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Anthocyanins
Beverages
Education
Family Characteristics
Female
Flavanones
Flavones
Flavonoids
Flavonols
Humans
Korea*
Male
Nutrition Surveys*
Social Class*
Anthocyanins
Flavanones
Flavones
Flavonoids
Flavonols

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1. Total flavonoid intake from food groups according to the household income and education level by sex: (a) Total flavonoid intake by household income level, (b) Total flavonoid intake by education level. ∗Adjusted for age, obesity, current smoking status, alcohol drinking status and energy intake.

• 

  Fig. 2. The odds ratio for daily total flavonoid intake < 25 percentile in study population according to the household income and education level by sex. ∗Adjusted for age, obesity, current smoking status, alcohol drinking status and energy intake. 1) ‘Low' meant first and second quartile, and ‘High' meant third and fourth quartile.

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