J Nutr Health.  2015 Dec;48(6):507-518. 10.4163/jnh.2015.48.6.507.

Flavonoid intake according to food security in Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2012

• Jun S
• Hong E
• Joung H

• KMID: 2209867
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.6.507

Abstract

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to examine the association of food security with the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults.
METHODS
Study subjects were 13,454 men and 19,563 women aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into food-secure and food-insecure groups using the answers to a self-reported question on food sufficiency of subjects' household. The total and individual flavonoid intakes were calculated by linking 24-h dietary recall data of subjects with a flavonoid database. Mean differences in dietary outcomes by food security status, and major food sources of total flavonoids were examined.
RESULTS
In this cross-sectional study, 5.8% of male adults and 6.6% of female adults were in food insecure households. Mean daily intakes of total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, and proanthocyanidins were significantly lower in food-insecure groups than food-secure groups among both male and female adults. The differences were maintained in total flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, and flavan-3-ols after adjusting for total energy intake. Mean intakes of fruits and vegetables were significantly lower in food-insecure groups and the total flavonoid intake from fruits and vegetables was also significantly lower in food-insecure groups. The major food sources of total flavonoids were apples (20.7%), mandarines (12.0%), and tofu (11.5%) in the food-secure group, and apples (14.9%), tofu (13.3%), and mandarines (12.6%) in the food-insecure group.
CONCLUSION
This study showed that food insecurity was associated with lower intakes of flavonoids and reduced intakes of fruits and vegetables in a representative Korean population.

Keyword

flavonoids; food security; KNHANES

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Cross-Sectional Studies
Energy Intake
Family Characteristics
Female
Flavanones
Flavones
Flavonoids
Flavonols
Food Supply*
Fruit
Humans
Isoflavones
Korea*
Male
Malus
Nutrition Surveys*
Proanthocyanidins
Soy Foods
Vegetables
Flavanones
Flavones
Flavonoids
Flavonols
Isoflavones
Proanthocyanidins

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1. Mean intakes of total flavonoids and flavonoid density by food security status stratified by gender among Korean adults. 1) “Full” meant able to eat an adequate amount and variety of food, “marginal” meant able to eat an adequate amount but not variety of food, “low” meant sometimes unable to afford enough food, “very low” meant often unable to afford enough food. 2) A is for total flavonoid intake; B is for flavonoid density, obtained by dividing flavonoid intake by 1000 kcal of caloric intake. 3) P-value calculated by weighted GLM is < 0.0001 for both A and B. 4) Small alphabets are used to compare the mean intakes.

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