J Nutr Health.  2016 Oct;49(5):347-357. 10.4163/jnh.2016.49.5.347.

Bone mineral density and nutritional state according to milk consumption in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee: Using the 2008~2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

• Ryu SH
• Suh YS

• KMID: 2357137
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.5.347

Abstract

PURPOSE
This study investigated bone mineral density and nutritional state according to consumption of milk in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee.
METHODS
Using the 2008~2009 Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey data, a total of 1,373 postmenopausal females aged 50 yrs and over were analyzed after excluding those with diseases related to bone health. According to coffee and/or milk consumption, subjects were divided into four groups: coffee only, both coffee & milk, milk only, and none of the above. All data were processed after application of weighted values and adjustment of age, body mass index, physical activity, drinking, and smoking using a general linear model. For analysis of nutrient intake and bone density, data were additionally adjusted by total energy and calcium intake.
RESULTS
The coffee & milk group had more subjects younger than 65 yrs and higher education, urban residents, and higher income than any other group. The coffee only group showed somewhat similar characteristics as the none of the above group, which showed the highest percentage of subjects older than 65 and in a lower education and socio-economic state. Body weight, height, body mass index, and lean mass were the highest in coffee & milk group and lowest in the none of the above group. On the other hand, the milk only group showed the lowest values for body mass index and waist circumference, whereas percent body fat did not show any difference among the groups. The coffee and milk group showed the highest bone mineral density in the total femur and lumbar spine as well as the highest nutritional state and most food group intakes, followed by the milk only group, coffee only group, and none of the above group. In the assessment of osteoporosis based on T-score of bone mineral density, although not significant, the coffee and milk group and milk only group, which showed a better nutritional state, included more subjects with a normal bone density, whereas the none of the above group included more subjects with osteoporosis than any other group.
CONCLUSION
Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women might not be affected by coffee drinking if their diets are accompanied by balanced food and nutrient intake including milk.

Keyword

postmenopausal women; bone mineral density; T-score; coffee and milk intake; nutritional state

MeSH Terms

Adipose Tissue
Body Height
Body Mass Index
Body Weight
Bone Density*
Calcium
Coffee*
Diet
Drinking
Education
Female
Femur
Hand
Humans
Korea*
Linear Models
Milk*
Motor Activity
Nutrition Surveys*
Osteoporosis
Smoke
Smoking
Spine
Waist Circumference
Calcium
Coffee
Smoke

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