J Nutr Health.  2015 Apr;48(2):149-156. 10.4163/jnh.2015.48.2.149.

Effects of combined intervention of isoflavone supplementation and exercise on bone metabolism in growing rats

• Jung YJ
• Choi MJ

• KMID: 2327185
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.2.149

Abstract

PURPOSE
This study examined the effects of combined intervention of isoflavones and exercise on bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and biochemical bone markers.
METHODS
Forty rats were divided into four groups; Control, Isoflavones (IF), Isoflavones + Running (IFR), and Isoflavones + Swimming (IFS). All of the rats in this study were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for nine weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were estimated using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin.) in spine and femur nine weeks after feeding or training.
RESULTS
The combined intervention did not affect weight gain, mean food intake, or food efficiency ratio. The serum concentrations of ALP and osteocalcin were not significantly different by combined intervention. The urinary DPD crosslinks values were not significantly different by combined intervention. There were no significant differences in serum PTH, calcitonin, and estradiol among all groups. Spine BMD, spine BMC and femur BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention. However, femur BMD was significantly higher in the IFR group than in the control group. Compared with the control group, spine BMD, spine BMC, and femur BMD per weight were markedly increased in the isoflavones supplementation and combined intervention group. In addition, femur BMC per weight was significantly higher in the IFS group than in the control group. Compared with the isoflavones supplemented group, BMD and BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that isoflavones supplementation or combined intervention of isoflavone and exercise had a beneficial effect on spine and femur peak bone mass in growing female rats.

Keyword

isoflavones; exercise; combined intervention; bone mineral density; bone mineral content

MeSH Terms

Animals
Bone Density
Calcitonin
Diet
Eating
Estradiol
Female
Femur
Humans
Isoflavones
Metabolism*
Osteocalcin
Rats*
Running
Spine
Swimming
Water
Weight Gain
Calcitonin
Estradiol
Isoflavones
Osteocalcin
Water

Reference

1.Robinson JA., Waters KM., Turner RT., Spelsberg TC. Direct action of naturally occurring estrogen metabolites on human osteoblastic cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2000. 15(3):499–506.

2.Hawse JR., Subramaniam M., Monroe DG., Hemmingsen AH., Ingle JN., Khosla S., Oursler MJ., Spelsberg TC. Estrogen receptor beta isoform-specific induction of transforming growth factor beta-inducible early gene-1 in human osteoblast cells: an essential role for the activation function 1 domain. Mol Endocrinol. 2008. 22(7):1579–1595.

3.Gallagher JC. Advances in bone biology and new treatments for bone loss. Maturitas. 2008. 60(1):65–69.

4.Kim NN., Stankovic M., Armagan A., Cushman TT., Goldstein I., Traish AM. Effects of tamoxifen on vaginal blood flow and epithelial morphology in the rat. BMC Womens Health. 2006. 6:14.

5.North American Menopause Society. Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2003. 10(2):113–132.

6.Atkinson C., Compston JE., Day NE., Dowsett M., Bingham SA. The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004. 79(2):326–333.

7.Chen YM., Ho SC., Lam SS., Ho SS., Woo JL. Soy isoflavones have a favorable effect on bone loss in Chinese postmenopausal women with lower bone mass: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003. 88(10):4740–4747.

8.Picherit C., Chanteranne B., Bennetau-Pelissero C., Davicco MJ., Lebecque P., Barlet JP., Coxam V. Dose-dependent bone-sparing effects of dietary isoflavones in the ovariectomised rat. Br J Nutr. 2001. 85(3):307–316.

9.Choi MJ., Jung YJ. The effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on bone mineral density in growing female rats. Korean J Nutr. 2006. 39(4):338–346.

10.Fogelholm GM., Sievänen HT., Kukkonen-Harjula TK., Pasanen ME. Bone mineral density during reduction, maintenance and regain of body weight in premenopausal, obese women. Osteopo-ros Int. 2001. 12(3):199–206.

11.Wallace BA., Cumming RG. Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000. 67(1):10–18.

12.Iwamoto J., Takeda T., Sato Y. Effect of treadmill exercise on bone mass in female rats. Exp Anim. 2005. 54(1):1–6.

13.Bourrin S., Palle S., Pupier R., Vico L., Alexandre C. Effect of physical training on bone adaptation in three zones of the rat tibia. J Bone Miner Res. 1995. 10(11):1745–1752.

14.Kohrt WM., Snead DB., Slatopolsky E., Birge SJ Jr. Additive effects of weight-bearing exercise and estrogen on bone mineral density in older women. J Bone Miner Res. 1995. 10(9):1303–1311.

15.Yeh JK., Aloia JF., Barilla ML. Effects of 17β-estradiol replacement and treadmill exercise on vertebral and femoral bones of the ovariectomized rat. Bone Miner. 1994. 24(3):223–234.

16.Reeves PG., Nielsen FH., Fahey GC Jr. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr. 1993. 123(11):1939–1951.

17.Choi MJ., Cho HJ. Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on bone mineral density in crowing female rats. Korean J Nutr. 2003. 36(4):359–367.

18.Choi MJ. Effect of exercise and calcium supplementation on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in growing female rats. J Community Nutr. 2002. 4(3):195–201.

19.Hong H., Lee JH., Chung DC., So JM., Nagatomi R., Choi EC., Hwang GH., Ahn EH., Maeng WJ. Influence of various types of exercise on bone formation and resorption in rats. Korean J Nutr. 2001. 34(5):541–546.

20.Alkaline Phosphatase Study Group; Committee on Standards of the AACC. Subcommittee on Enzymes, Tietz NW, Burtis C, Ervin K, Petitclerc CJ, Rinker AD, Zygowicz E. Progress in the development of a recommended method for alkaline phosphatase activity measurements. Clin Chem. 1980. 26(7):1023.

21.Nanda N., Joshi H., Subbarao SK., Sharma VP. Two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA): detection, efficiency, and procedural modifications. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1994. 10(2 Pt 1):225–227.

22.Xing S., Cekan SZ., Diczfalusy U., Falk O., Gustafsson SA., Akerlöf E., Björkhem I. Validation of radioimmunoassay for estradiol-17 beta by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry and by a test of radiochemical purity. Clin Chim Acta. 1983. 135(2):189–201.

23.Garnero P., Grimaux M., Seguin P., Delmas PD. Characterization of immunoreactive forms of human osteocalcin generated in vivo and in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. 1994. 9(2):255–264.

24.Wu J., Wang XX., Chiba H., Higuchi M., Takasaki M., Ohta A., Ishimi Y. Combined intervention of exercise and genistein prevented androgen deficiency-induced bone loss in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003. 94(1):335–342.

25.Wu J., Wang X., Chiba H., Higuchi M., Nakatani T., Ezaki O., Cui H., Yamada K., Ishimi Y. Combined intervention of soy isoflavone and moderate exercise prevents body fat elevation and bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Metabolism. 2004. 53(7):942–948.

26.Cassidy A., Bingham S., Setchell KD. Biological effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994. 60(3):333–340.

27.Wu J., Wang XX., Takasaki M., Ohta A., Higuchi M., Ishimi Y. Cooperative effects of exercise training and genistein administration on bone mass in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res. 2001. 16(10):1829–1836.

28.Nakajima D., Kim CS., Oh TW., Yang CY., Naka T., Igawa S., Ohta F. Suppressive effects of genistein dosage and resistance exercise on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2001. 20(5):285–291.

29.Layne JE., Nelson ME. The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999. 31(1):25–30.

30.Bravenboer N., Engelbregt MJ., Visser NA., Popp-Snijders C., Lips P. The effect of exercise on systemic and bone concentrations of growth factors in rats. J Orthop Res. 2001. 19(5):945–949.

31.Iwamoto J., Yeh JK., Aloia JF. Differential effect of treadmill exercise on three cancellous bone sites in the young growing rat. Bone. 1999. 24(3):163–169.

32.Fan J., Molina PE., Gelato MC., Lang CH. Differential tissue regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I content and binding proteins after endotoxin. Endocrinology. 1994. 134(4):1685–1692.

33.Hart KJ., Shaw JM., Vajda E., Hegsted M., Miller SC. Swim-trained rats have greater bone mass, density, strength, and dynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001. 91(4):1663–1668.