J Korean Acad Prosthodont.  2009 Oct;47(4):445-456. 10.4047/jkap.2009.47.4.445.

A histomorphometric study on the effect of surface treatment on the osseointegration

• Choi WJ
• Cho IH

• KMID: 2195593
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2009.47.4.445

Abstract

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Many studies have been conducted to improve the primary stability of implants by providing bioactive surfaces via surface treatments. Increase of surface roughness may increase osteoblast activity and promote stronger bonding between bone and implant surface and it has been reported that bioactive surface or titanium can be obtained through alkali and heat treatment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of alkali and heat treated implants via histomorphometric analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens were divided into three groups; group 1 was the control group with machined surface, the other groups were treated for 24 hours in 5 M NaOH solution and heat treated for 1 hour at 600degrees C in the atmosphere (group 2) and vacuum (group 3) conditions respectively. Surface characteristics were analyzed and fixtures were implanted into rabbits. The specimens were histologically and histomorphometrically compared according to healing periods and change in bone composition were analyzed with EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer).
RESULTS
1. Groups treated with alkali and heat showed increase of oxidization layer and Na ions. Groups 2 which was heat treated in atmosphere showed significant increase of surface roughness (P<.05). 2. Histomorphometric analysis showed significant increase in BIC (bone to implant contact) according to increase in healing period and there was significant increases in groups 2 and 3 (P<.05). 3. BA(bone area) ratio showed similar results as contact ratio, but according to statistical analysis there was significant increase according to increase in healing period in group 2 only (P<.05). 4. EPMA analysis revealed no difference in gradation of bone composition of K, P, Ca, Ti in surrounding bone of implants according to healing periods but groups 2 and 3 showed increase of Ca and P in the initial stages.
CONCLUSION
From the results above, it can be considered that alkali and heat treated implants in the atmosphere have advantages in osseointegration in early stages and may decrease the time interval between implantation and functional adaptation.

Keyword

Titanium implant; Alkali and heat treatment; Osseointegration

MeSH Terms

Alkalies
Atmosphere
Hot Temperature
Ions
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds
Osseointegration
Osteoblasts
Rabbits
Titanium
Vacuum
Alkalies
Ions
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds
Titanium

Figure

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  Fig. 1. Example of EPMA mapping result. I: implant, B: bone (K: upper left, P: upper right, Ca: lower left, Ti: lower right).

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  Fig 2. 3D reconstruction result of EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) data of Ca at 6 week.

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  Fig. 3. Line analysis result of EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) data of Ca at 6 week.

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  Fig. 4. FESEM (Field Emition Scanning Electron Microscope) findings of implant surface. Group 1: Machined, Group 2: Treated with alkali and heat in atmosphere, Group 3: Treated with alkali and heat in vacuum.

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  Fig. 5. 3D (Dimension) Result of AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) scanning. Group 1: Machined, Group 2: Treated with alkali and heat in atmosphere, Group 3: Treated with alkali and heat in vacuum.

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  Fig. 6. BIC (Bone to Implant Contact) and BA (Bone Area) measuring at 2 weeks. Group 1: Machined, Group 2: Treated with alkali and heat in atmosphere, Group 3: Treated with alkali and heat in vacuum.

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  Fig. 7. BIC (Bone to Implant Contact) and BA (Bone Area) measuring at 4 weeks. Group 1: Machined, Group 2: Treated with alkali and heat in atmosphere, Group 3: Treated with alkali and heat in vacuum.

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  Fig. 8. BIC (Bone to Implant Contact) and BA (Bone Area) measuring at 6 weeks. Group 1: Machined, Group 2: Treated with alkali and heat in atmosphere, Group 3: Treated with alkali and heat in vacuum.

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  Fig. 9. BIC (Bone to Implant Contact) and BA (Bone Area) measuring at 8 weeks. Group 1: Machined, Group 2: Treated with alkali and heat in atmosphere, Group 3: Treated with alkali and heat in vacuum.

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  Fig. 10. BIC (Bone to Implant Contact) and BA (Bone Area) measuring at 12 weeks. Group 1: Machined, Group 2: Treated with alkali and heat in atmosphere, Group 3: Treated with alkali and heat in vacuum.

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