Korean J Community Nutr.  2015 Dec;20(6):460-467. 10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.6.460.

Associations between 24-hour Urine Sodium Excretion Level and Obesity-related Metabolic Risk Factors

• Oh HW
• Kim HJ
• Jun DW
• Lee SM

• KMID: 2152499
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.6.460

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Excess sodium intake has been linked to obesity and obesity-related indices. However, the scientific evidence for this association is inadequate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium excretion and obesity-related indices among Korean adults.
METHODS
A convenience sample of 120 subjects (60 obese and 60 non-obese subjects) were recruited applying frequency matching for sex and age between two groups. Sodium intake level was assessed through 24-hour urine collection. Obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including fasting blood lipid indices, subcutaneous and visceral fat through computed tomography (CT), insulin resistance indices, blood pressure and liver enzymes were measured in all subjects. These obesity-related metabolic risk factors were compared between obese and non-obese group according to sodium excretion levels (<110 mEq/day, 110~180 mEq/day, >180 mEq/day).
RESULTS
After adjusting for age, gender, health behaviors (smoking, exercise, drinking), and energy intake, several obesity-related metabolic risk factors, including abdominal circumference, body fat percentage, subcutaneous and visceral fat, triglyceride, and systolic blood pressure were found to be significantly deteriorated as the sodium excretion level increases. In addition, multivariate adjusted-odds ratios of abdominal obesity, high blood triglyceride, and high blood pressure were found significantly higher in the highest sodium excretion group compared to the lowest group. The mean number of metabolic syndrome risk factors was also significantly greater in the highest sodium excretion group than in the lowest group.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study findings suggested that high sodium intake can affect obesity and metabolic syndrome risk negatively, implying the necessity of future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity and related health problems.

Keyword

sodium intake; obesity; 24-hour urine sodium excretion

MeSH Terms

Adipose Tissue
Adult
Blood Pressure
Diet, Sodium-Restricted
Energy Intake
Fasting
Health Behavior
Humans
Hypertension
Insulin Resistance
Intra-Abdominal Fat
Liver
Obesity
Obesity, Abdominal
Risk Factors*
Sodium*
Triglycerides
Urine Specimen Collection
Sodium

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Mean numbers1) of metabolic syndrome risk factors according to according to 24-hour sodium excretion levels 1) Adjusted for age(years), sex, smoking(no smoking, previous smoking. current smoking), drinking(no drinking, 1~4 times/month, >=5 times/month), physical activity(rarely, 1~2 times/week, >=3 times/week), energy intake (kcal/day) Different alphabet letters represent significant difference (p < 0.05) by Tukey-Kramer's multiple comparison test

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