J Korean Med Sci.  2014 Sep;29(Suppl 2):S131-S138. 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.S2.S131.

Estimated Amount of 24-Hour Urine Sodium Excretion Is Positively Correlated with Stomach and Breast Cancer Prevalence in Korea

• Park JH
• Kim YC
• Koo HS
• Oh SW
• Kim S
• Chin HJ

• KMID: 2069804
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.S2.S131

Abstract

Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in Korea. The aim of this study was to identify the association between the prevalence of cancer, particularly stomach cancer, and the amount of 24-hr urine sodium excretion estimated from spot urine specimens. The study included 19,083 subjects who took part in the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey between 2009 and 2011. The total amount of urine sodium excreted in a 24-hr period was estimated by using two equations based on the values for spot urine sodium and creatinine. In subjects who had an estimated 24-hr urine sodium excretion of more than two standard deviations above the mean (group 2), the prevalence of stomach cancer was higher than in subjects with lower 24-hr sodium excretion (group 1). By using the Tanaka equation to estimate it, the prevalence of stomach cancer was 0.6% (114/18,331) in group 1, whereas it was 1.6% (9/568) in group 2 (P=0.006). By using the Korean equation, the prevalence was 0.6% (115/18,392) in group 1, and 1.6% in group 2 (8/507) (P=0.010). By using the Tanaka equation, breast cancer in women is more prevalent in group 2 (1.9%, 6/324) than group 1 (0.8%, 78/9,985, P=0.039). Higher salt intake, as defined by the estimated amount of 24-hr urine sodium excretion, is positively correlated with a higher prevalence of stomach or breast cancer in the Korean population.

Keyword

24-Hour Urine Sodium; Spot Urine Sodium; Cancer

MeSH Terms

Adult
Aged
Algorithms
Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology
Creatine/urine
Demography
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Nutrition Surveys
Prevalence
Republic of Korea/epidemiology
Sodium, Dietary/*urine
Stomach Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology
Urine Specimen Collection
Creatine
Sodium, Dietary

Figure

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  Fig. 1 The prevalence of stomach cancer defined by medical history according to the estimated dietary sodium intake. Group 1: dietary sodium intake of ≤ 2.140 g/day. Group 2: dietary sodium intake, 2.14-4.910 g/day. Group 3: dietary sodium intake, 4.911-9.200 g/day. Group 4: dietary sodium intake of ≥ 9.201 g/day. All: all participants with stomach cancer history. Present: participants with current stomach cancer. Recent: participants with stomach cancer diagnosed within 5 yr.

• 

  Fig. 2 The prevalence of stomach cancer defined by medical history according to estimated 24-hr urine sodium excretion. E24UNA_TANAKA: estimated 24-hr urine sodium excretion estimated by using the equation proposed by Tanaka et al. E24UNA_KOREA: estimated 24-hr urine sodium excretion estimated by using the equation described in this study. Group 1: E24UNA of ≤ 71.0 mEq/day for TANAKA; E24UNA of ≤ 95.0 mEq/day for KOREA. Group 2: E24UNA, 71.01-144.0 mEq/day for TANAKA; E24UNA, 95.1-167.0 mEq/day for KOREA. Group 3: E24UNA, 144.1-261.0 mEq/day for TANAKA; E24UNA, 167.1-240.0 mEq/day for KOREA. Group 4: E24UNA of ≥ 261.1 mEq/day for TANAKA; E24UNA of ≥ 240.1 mEq/day for KOREA.

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