J Bacteriol Virol.  2014 Sep;44(3):290-295. 10.4167/jbv.2014.44.3.290.

Macrophage Polarization and Infection

• Lim YJ
• Song CH

• KMID: 1726980
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2014.44.3.290

Abstract

Monocytes and macrophages regulate host immune system against infectious pathogens. Activated macrophages play an important role in restricting the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens. The concept of alternative activation of macrophages might provide useful insights into pathology of infectious diseases. M1 macrophages (classically activated macrophages) and M2 macrophages (alternatively activated macrophages) are associated with responses to tissue remodeling, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions in various infectious diseases. However, the relevance of macrophage polarization in several infectious diseases was not revealed clearly. Macrophage plasticity and polarization should be considered as a useful conceptual framework for understanding the unknown pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here we reviewed the recent progress on macrophage polarization and its characters in infectious diseases.

Keyword

Macrophage; Infections; Polarization

MeSH Terms

Communicable Diseases
Immune System
Macrophages*
Monocytes
Pathology
Plastics
Plastics

Figure

• 

  Figure 1. Key properties and functions of polarized macrophages in bacterial infections

Reference

1). Gordon S. Elie Metchnikoff: father of natural immunity. Eur J Immunol. 2008; 38:3257–64.

2). Nathan CF, Murray HW, Wiebe ME, Rubin BY. Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity. J Exp Med. 1983; 158:670–89.

3). Abramson SL, Gallin JI. IL-4 inhibits superoxide production by human mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol. 1990; 144:625–30.

4). Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003; 3:23–35.

5). Mantovani A, Sica A, Locati M. Macrophage polarization comes of age. Immunity. 2005; 23:344–6.

6). Mosser DM. The many faces of macrophage activation. J Leukoc Biol. 2003; 73:209–12.

7). Ogawa K, Funaba M, Chen Y, Tsujimoto M. Activin A functions as a Th2 cytokine in the promotion of the alternative activation of macrophages. J Immunol. 2006; 177:6787–94.

8). Reese TA, Liang HE, Tager AM, Luster AD, Van Rooijen N, Voehringer D, et al. Chitin induces accumulation in tissue of innate immune cells associated with allergy. Nature. 2007; 447:92–6.

9). Liao X, Sharma N, Kapadia F, Zhou G, Lu Y, Hong H, et al. Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest. 2011; 121:2736–49.

10). Gordon S. The macrophage: past, present and future. Eur J Immunol. 2007; 37(Suppl 1):S9–17.

11). Mosser DM, Edwards JP. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8:958–69.

12). Passlick B, Flieger D, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW. Identification and characterization of a novel monocyte subpopulation in human peripheral blood. Blood. 1989; 74:2527–34.

13). Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Invest. 2012; 122:787–95.

14). Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P, Sica A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol. 2002; 23:549–55.

15). Benoit M, Desnues B, Mege JL. Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. J Immunol. 2008; 181:3733–9.

16). Hazlett LD, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wu M, et al. IL-33 shifts macrophage polarization, promoting resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51:1524–32.

17). Bost KL, Clements JD. Intracellular Salmonella dublin induces substantial secretion of the 40-kilodalton subunit of interleukin-12 (IL-12) but minimal secretion of IL-12 as a 70-kilodalton protein in murine macrophages. Infect Immun. 1997; 65:3186–92.

18). Dornand J, Gross A, Lafont V, Liautard J, Oliaro J, Liautard JP. The innate immune response against Brucella in humans. Vet Microbiol. 2002; 90:383–94.

19). Mares CA, Sharma J, Li Q, Rangel EL, Morris EG, Enriquez MI, et al. Defect in efferocytosis leads to alternative activation of macrophages in Francisella infections. Immunol Cell Biol. 2011; 89:167–72.

20). Leung S Y, Yuen ST, Chu KM, Mathy JA, Li R, Chan AS, et al. Expression profiling identifies chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 as an independent prognostic indicator in gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127:457–69.

21). Krakowiak MS, Noto JM, Piazuelo MB, Hardbower DM, Romero-Gallo J, Delgado A, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 7 restrains Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation and premalignant lesions in the stomach by altering macrophage polarization. Oncogene. 2014.

22). Quiding-Järbrink M, Raghavan S, Sundquist M. Enhanced M1 macrophage polarization in human Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis and in vaccinated mice. PLoS One. 2010; 5:e15018.

23). Podinovskaia M, Lee W, Caldwell S, Russell DG. Infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces global modifications to phagosomal function. Cell Microbiol. 2013; 15:843–59.

24). Liu PT, Modlin RL. Human macrophage host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Opin Immunol. 2008; 20:371–6.

25). Cambier CJ, Takaki KK, Larson RP, Hernandez RE, Tobin DM, Urdahl KB, et al. Mycobacteria manipulate macrophage recruitment through coordinated use of membrane lipids. Nature. 2014; 505:218–22.

26). Denis M. Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within human monocytes: activation by cytokines and calcitriol. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991; 84:200–6.

27). Rajaram MV, Brooks MN, Morris JD, Torrelles JB, Azad AK, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates human macrophage peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma linking mannose receptor recognition to regulation of immune responses. J Immunol. 2010; 185:929–42.

28). Schreiber T, Ehlers S, Heitmann L, Rausch A, Mages J, Murray PJ, et al. Autocrine IL-10 induces hallmarks of alternative activation in macrophages and suppresses antituberculosis effector mechanisms without compromising T cell immunity. J Immunol. 2009; 183:1301–12.

29). Noël W, Raes G, Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh G, De Baetselier P, Beschin A. Alternatively activated macrophages during parasite infections. Trends Parasitol. 2004; 20:126–33.

30). Satoh T, Takeuchi O, Vandenbon A, Yasuda K, Tanaka Y, Kumagai Y, et al. The Jmjd3-Irf4 axis regulates M2 macrophage polarization and host responses against helminth infection. Nat Immunol. 2010; 11:936–44.