Diabetes Metab J.  2025 Mar;49(2):311-320. 10.4093/dmj.2024.0407.

Impact of Meal Frequency on Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

• Ryu HE
• Lee JH
• Park B
• Heo SJ
• Kwon YJ

• KMID: 2565353
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0407

Abstract

Background
Insulin resistance (IR) is central to metabolic disorders and significantly influenced by diet. Studies on meal frequency (MF) and metabolic indicators have shown mixed results. This study explores the link between MF and IR in middle-aged and older adults.
Methods
This prospective cohort study included 4,570 adults aged 40 to 69 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study. MF were divided into two groups based on whether they consumed three or more, or fewer than three, meals daily. IR was evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); participants were classified as IR if their HOMA-IR value was ≥2.5. Multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between MF and the incidence of IR.
Results
After adjusting for all variables, individuals in the MF ≥3 group showed a reduced incidence of IR compared to those in the MF <3 group (hazard ratio, 0.880; 95% confidence interval, 0.782 to 0.990). Additionally, subgroup analyses by sex, diabetes mellitus (DM), and body mass index (BMI) showed that this association persisted only in men, individuals without DM, and those with a BMI <25.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that a higher MF among middle-aged and older adults is associated with a reduced incidence of IR. However, this association was maintained only in men, individuals without DM, and those without obesity.

Keyword

Feeding behavior; Insulin resistance; Metabolic diseases