J Periodontal Implant Sci.  2019 Dec;49(6):397-405. 10.5051/jpis.2019.49.6.397.

Prevalence and risk factors of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis after at least 7 years of loading

• Ahn DH
• Kim HJ
• Joo JY
• Lee JY

• KMID: 2465383
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5051/jpis.2019.49.6.397

Abstract

PURPOSE
This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of peri-implant disease after at least 7 years of dental implant loading.
METHODS
A total of 111 patients with 218 dental implants were treated. The follow-up period for all implants was at least 7 years. The patients' dental records were collected and risk factors of peri-implant disease were investigated through logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
The overall implant survival rate was 95.87%, because 9 of the 218 implants failed. The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis was 39.7% and 16.7%, respectively. As risk factors, smoking and prosthetic splinting showed significant associations with peri-implantitis (P&0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limits of this study, no significant correlations were found between any risk factors and peri-implant mucositis, but a significantly elevated risk of peri-implantitis was observed in patients who smoked or had splinted prostheses in 2 or more implants.

Keyword

Dental implants; Mucositis; Peri-implantitis; Prevalence; Risk factors

MeSH Terms

Dental Implants
Dental Records
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Logistic Models
Mucositis*
Peri-Implantitis*
Prevalence*
Prostheses and Implants
Risk Factors*
Smoke
Smoking
Splints
Survival Rate
Dental Implants
Smoke

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Distances between the shoulder of the implant and the first bone-to-implant contact. X=(A−B)×Implant Length/(A−C) X′=(A−B′)×Implant Length/(A−C) Mean Marginal Bone Level=(X+X′)/2 A–B: distance from the implant shoulder to the marginal bone level (distal), A–B′: distance from the implant shoulder to the marginal bone level (mesial), A–C: length of the implant (implant-abutment junction to apex).

Reference

1. Niedermaier R, Stelzle F, Riemann M, Bolz W, Schuh P, Wachtel H. Implant-supported immediately loaded fixed full-arch dentures: evaluation of implant survival rates in a case cohort of up to 7 years. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2017; 19:4–19.

2. Hasegawa T, Kawabata S, Takeda D, Iwata E, Saito I, Arimoto S, et al. Survival of Brånemark System Mk III implants and analysis of risk factors associated with implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 46:267–273.

3. Roos J, Sennerby L, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Gröndahl K, Albrektsson T. A qualitative and quantitative method for evaluating implant success: a 5-year retrospective analysis of the Brånemark implant. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1997; 12:504–514.

4. Misch CE, Perel ML, Wang HL, Sammartino G, Galindo-Moreno P, Trisi P, et al. Implant success, survival, and failure: the International Congress of Oral Implantologists (ICOI) Pisa Consensus Conference. Implant Dent. 2008; 17:5–15.

5. Derks J, Schaller D, Håkansson J, Wennström JL, Tomasi C, Berglundh T. Effectiveness of implant therapy analyzed in a Swedish population: prevalence of peri-implantitis. J Dent Res. 2016; 95:43–49.

6. Albrektsson T, Isidor F. Consensus report of session IV. In : In : Lang NP, Karring T, editors. Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Periodontology; London; Quintessence. 1994. p. 365–369.

7. Renvert S, Persson GR, Pirih FQ, Camargo PM. Peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis: case definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45:Suppl 20. S278–S285.

8. Marrone A, Lasserre J, Bercy P, Brecx MC. Prevalence and risk factors for peri-implant disease in Belgian adults. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013; 24:934–940.

9. Lang NP, Berglundh T. Working Group 4 of Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. Periimplant diseases: where are we now?--Consensus of the Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2011; 38:Suppl 11. 178–181.

10. Lang NP, Mombelli A, Tonetti MS, Brägger U, Hämmerle CH. Clinical trials on therapies for peri-implant infections. Ann Periodontol. 1997; 2:343–356.

11. Jovanovic SA. The management of peri-implant breakdown around functioning osseointegrated dental implants. J Periodontol. 1993; 64:1176–1183.

12. Mombelli A, van Oosten MA, Schürch E Jr, Land NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1987; 2:145–151.

13. Jung RE, Zembic A, Pjetursson BE, Zwahlen M, Thoma DS. Systematic review of the survival rate and the incidence of biological, technical, and aesthetic complications of single crowns on implants reported in longitudinal studies with a mean follow-up of 5 years. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012; 23:Suppl 6. 2–21.

14. Simonis P, Dufour T, Tenenbaum H. Long-term implant survival and success: a 10–16-year follow-up of non-submerged dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010; 21:772–777.

15. French D, Larjava H, Ofec R. Retrospective cohort study of 4591 Straumann implants in private practice setting, with up to 10-year follow-up. Part 1: multivariate survival analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015; 26:1345–1354.

16. Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Cortelli JR, Costa JE, Costa FO. Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in Brazilian subjects. J Clin Periodontol. 2006; 33:929–935.

17. Lindhe J, Meyle J. Group D of European Workshop on Periodontology. Peri-implant diseases: consensus report of the Sixth European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2008; 35:282–285.

18. Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T, Marinello CP, Lindhe J. Experimental peri-implant mucositis in man. J Clin Periodontol. 2001; 28:517–523.

19. Costa FO, Takenaka-Martinez S, Cota LO, Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Costa JE. Peri-implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Periodontol. 2012; 39:173–181.

20. Mombelli A, Décaillet F. The characteristics of biofilms in peri-implant disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2011; 38:Suppl 11. 203–213.

21. Buser D, Mericske-Stern R, Bernard JP, Behneke A, Behneke N, Hirt HP, et al. Long-term evaluation of non-submerged ITI implants. Part 1: 8-year life table analysis of a prospective multi-center study with 2359 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997; 8:161–172.

22. Haas R, Haimböck W, Mailath G, Watzek G. The relationship of smoking on peri-implant tissue: a retrospective study. J Prosthet Dent. 1996; 76:592–596.

23. Lindquist LW, Carlsson GE, Jemt T. Association between marginal bone loss around osseointegrated mandibular implants and smoking habits: a 10-year follow-up study. J Dent Res. 1997; 76:1667–1674.

24. Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993; 8:609–615.

25. Shibli JA, Piattelli A, Iezzi G, Cardoso LA, Onuma T, de Carvalho PS, et al. Effect of smoking on early bone healing around oxidized surfaces: a prospective, controlled study in human jaws. J Periodontol. 2010; 81:575–583.

26. Clementini M, Rossetti PH, Penarrocha D, Micarelli C, Bonachela WC, Canullo L. Systemic risk factors for peri-implant bone loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 43:323–334.

27. Duan X, Wu T, Xu X, Chen D, Mo A, Lei Y, et al. Smoking may lead to marginal bone loss around non-submerged implants during bone healing by altering salivary microbiome: a prospective study. J Periodontol. 2017; 88:1297–1308.

28. Serino G, Ström C. Peri-implantitis in partially edentulous patients: association with inadequate plaque control. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009; 20:169–174.

29. Renvert S, Persson GR. Supportive periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000. 2004; 36:179–195.

30. Ivanoff CJ, Gröndahl K, Sennerby L, Bergström C, Lekholm U. Influence of variations in implant diameters: a 3- to 5-year retrospective clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999; 14:173–180.

31. Canullo L, Peñarrocha M, Monje A, Catena A, Wang HL, Peñarrocha D. Association between clinical and microbiologic cluster profiles and peri-implantitis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017; 32:1054–1064.

32. Romeo E, Lops D, Margutti E, Ghisolfi M, Chiapasco M, Vogel G. Long-term survival and success of oral implants in the treatment of full and partial arches: a 7-year prospective study with the ITI dental implant system. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004; 19:247–259.

33. Lemmerman KJ, Lemmerman NE. Osseointegrated dental implants in private practice: a long-term case series study. J Periodontol. 2005; 76:310–319.