J Korean Acad Oral Health.  2019 Sep;43(3):142-148. 10.11149/jkaoh.2019.43.3.142.

Association between components of metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Korean adults aged 35–79 years

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea. jbomkim@pusan.ac.kr
  • 2BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea.

Abstract


OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (waist circumference, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension) and periodontitis in Korean adults aged 35-79 years.
METHODS
In this study, data from the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015) were analyzed. Among the 22,948 participants of the Sixth KNHANES, 8,314 participants, who were aged 35-79 years and had completed all systemic and oral health examinations and questionnaires, were included in this study. Confounding variables associated with the demographics and socioeconomic status and systemic and oral health-related behaviors were age, gender, household income, the educational level, smoking and drinking habits, the physical activity status, and frequency of daily toothbrushing. The independent variables were components of MetS, and the dependent variable was periodontitis.
RESULTS
Periodontitis was diagnosed in 37.0% of the participants. The incidence of periodontitis among participants with MetS was 47.9%. The incidences of periodontitis among participants with three, four, and five components of MetS were 44.8%, 50.0%, and 56.2%, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) for periodontitis among participants with MetS was 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27-1.61). The participants with three, four, and five components of MetS showed a significantly higher OR for periodontitis than those with no components of MetS (three components, OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.02-1.36; four components, OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.14-1.59; five components, OR=1.68, 95% CI: 1.29-2.20).
CONCLUSIONS
A higher number of components of MetS augments the OR of periodontitis.

Keyword

Epidemiology; Metabolic syndrome; Periodontitis

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Cholesterol
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)
Demography
Drinking
Epidemiology
Family Characteristics
Humans
Hyperglycemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Incidence
Lipoproteins
Motor Activity
Nutrition Surveys
Odds Ratio
Oral Health
Periodontitis*
Smoke
Smoking
Social Class
Toothbrushing
Cholesterol
Lipoproteins
Smoke

Reference

1. Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005; 366:1809–1820.
Article
2. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. Medical Treatment Expense Statistics for the first half of 2018. Gangwon: Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service;2018. p. 1–165.
3. Aida J, Ando Y, Akhter R, Aoyama H, Masui M, Morita M. Reasons for permanent tooth extractions in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2006; 16:214–219.
Article
4. Ministry of Health & Welfare. Korea Health Statistics 2012: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-3). Seoul: Ministry of Health & Welfare;2012. p. 62–63.
5. Sabbah W, Tsakos G, Chandola T, Sheiham A, Watt RG. Social gradients in oral and general health. J Dent Res. 2007; 86:992–996.
Article
6. Dalla Vecchia CF, Susin C, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV, Albandar JM. Overweight and obesity as risk indicators for periodontitis in adults. J Periodontol. 2005; 76:1721–1728.
Article
7. Holmlund A, Holm G, Lind L. Severity of periodontal disease and number of remaining teeth are related to the prevalence of myocardial infarction and hypertension in a study based on 4,254 subjects. J Periodontol. 2006; 77:1173–1178.
Article
8. Kang YU, Kim HY, Choi JS, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, et al. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in an adult Korean population: results from the Korean National Health Screening. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e93795.
Article
9. Marcotte-Chénard A, Deshayes TA, Ghachem A, Brochu M. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome between 1999 and 2014 in the United States adult population and the impact of the 2007-2008 recession: an NHANES study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019; 44:861–868.
Article
10. Xi B, He D, Hu Y, Zhou D. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its influencing factors among the Chinese adults: The China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009. Prev Med. 2013; 57:867–871.
Article
11. Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004; 33:351–375.
Article
12. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International atherosclerosis society; and International association for the study of obesity. Circulation. 2009; 120:1640–1645.
13. Kushiyama M, Shimazaki Y, Yamashita Y. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease in Japanese adults. J Periodontol. 2009; 80:1610–1615.
Article
14. Sakurai SI, Yamada SI, Karasawa I, Sakurai A, Kurita H. A longitudinal study on the relationship between dental health and metabolic syndrome in Japan. J Periodontol. 2019; 90:728–746.
Article
15. Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Smith M. The natural history of periodontal disease in man: The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age. J Periodontol. 1978; 49:607–620.
Article
16. Han K, Park JB. Age threshold for moderate and severe periodontitis among Korean adults without diabetes mellitus, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and/or obesity. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96:e7835.
Article
17. Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. The Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI). Osong: Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention;2013–2015. p. 3–212.
18. Park HS, Oh SW, Kang JH, Park YW, Choi JM, Kim YS, et al. Prevalence and associated factors with metabolic syndrome in South Korea-from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-. Korean J Obes. 2003; 12:1–14.
19. Kim S, Moon S, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition in South Korea. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71:44–53.
Article
20. Yoo H, Kim Y. A study on the characteristics of nutrient intake in metabolic syndrome subjects. Korean J Nutr. 2008; 41:510–517.
21. Merchant AT, Pitiphat W, Rimm EB, Joshipura K. Increased physical activity decreases periodontitis risk in men. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003; 18:891–898.
22. Al-Zahrani MS, Borawski EA, Bissada NF. Increased physical activity reduces prevalence of periodontitis. J Dent. 2005; 33:703–710.
Article
23. Haber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, Kent RL. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1993; 64:16–23.
Article
24. Zimmermann H, Zimmermann N, Hagenfeld D, Veile A, Kim TS, Becher H. Is frequency of tooth brushing a risk factor for periodontitis? a systematic review and meta analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015; 43:116–127.
Article
25. Han DH, Lim S, Kim JB. The association of smoking and diabetes with periodontitis in a Korean population. J Periodontol. 2012; 83:1397–1406.
Article
26. Oh JE. Association between smoking status and metabolic syndrome in men. Korean J Obes. 2014; 23:99–105.
Article
27. Lages EJP, Costa FO, Lages EMB, Cota LOM, Cortelli SC, Nobre-Franco GC, et al. Risk variables in the association between frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2012; 39:115–122.
Article
28. Kongstad J, Hvidtfeldt UA, Grønboek M, Jontell M, Stoltze K, Holmstrup P. Amount and type of alcohol and periodontitis in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. J Clin Periodontol. 2008; 35:1032–1039.
Article
29. Morita T, Ogawa Y, Takada K, Nishinoue N, Sasaki Y, Motohashi M, et al. Association between periodontal disease and metabolic syndrome. J Public Health Dent. 2009; 69:248–253.
Article
30. Andriankaja OM, Sreenivasa S, Dunford R, DeNardin E. Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease. Aust Dent J. 2010; 55:252–259.
Article
Full Text Links
  • JKAOH
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr