Ann Rehabil Med.  2019 Jun;43(3):355-356. 10.5535/arm.2019.43.3.355.

Clinical Practice Guideline for Cardiac Rehabilitation in Korea [Online only]

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University School of Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
  • 2Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine–Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
  • 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dong-A University College of Medicine–Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Dong-A Medical Center, Busan, Korea.
  • 4Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
  • 5Gyeonggi Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Seongnam, Korea.
  • 6Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Cheongju, Korea. rmdr29@cbnuh.or.kr
  • 7Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine–Daejeon Chungcheong Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chugnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
  • 8Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
  • 9Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University School of Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
  • 10Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 11Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
  • 12Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 13Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
  • 14Department and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 15National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Korea.
  • 16Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 17Namdarun Rehabilitation Clinic,Yongin, Korea.
  • 18Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Anam Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
  • 19Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 20Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
  • 21Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea.
  • 22Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University–Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
  • 23Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
  • 24Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine–Kangwon Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea.
  • 25Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
  • 26Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital. College of Medicine, The Catholic university of Korea, Daejeon, Korea.
  • 27Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
  • 28Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea.
  • 29Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
  • 30Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
  • 31Research Institute for Social Science, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul, Korea.

Abstract


OBJECTIVE
Though clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are an effective and widely used treatment method worldwide, they are as yet not widely accepted in Korea. Given that cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of death in Korea, it is urgent that CR programs be developed. In 2008, the Government of Korea implemented CR programs at 11 university hospitals as part of its Regional Cardio-Cerebrovascular Center Project, and three additional medical facilities will be added in 2019. In addition, owing to the promotion of CR nationwide and the introduction of CR insurance benefits, 40 medical institutions nationwide have begun CR programs even as a growing number of medical institutions are preparing to offer CR. The purpose of this research was to develop evidence-based CPGs to support CR implementation in Korea.
METHODS
This study is based on an analysis of CPGs elsewhere in the world, an extensive literature search, a systematic analysis of multiple randomized control trials, and a CPG management, development, and assessment committee comprised of 33 authors"”primarily rehabilitation specialists, cardiologists, and thoracic surgeons in 21 university hospitals and two general hospitals. Twelve consultants, primarily rehabilitation, sports medicine, and preventive medicine specialists, CPG experts, nurses, physical therapists, clinical nutritionists, and library and information experts participated in the research and development of these CPGs. After the draft guidelines were developed, three rounds of public hearings were held with staff members from relevant academic societies and stakeholders, after which the guidelines were further reviewed and modified. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: CR involves a more cost-effective use of healthcare resources relative to that of general treatments, and the exercise component of CR lowers cardiovascular mortality and readmission rates, regardless of the type of coronary heart disease and type and setting of CR. Individualized CR programs should be considered together with various factors, including differences in heart function and lifestyle, and doing so will boost participation and adherence with the CR program, ultimately meeting the final goals of the program, namely reducing the recurrence of myocardial infarction and mortality rates.

Keyword

Acute coronary syndrome; Cardiac rehabilitation; Mortality; Clinical practice guidelines; Secondary prevention

MeSH Terms

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Cardiovascular Diseases
Cause of Death
Consultants
Coronary Disease
Delivery of Health Care
Heart
Hospitals, General
Hospitals, University
Humans
Insurance Benefits
Korea*
Life Style
Methods
Mortality
Myocardial Infarction
Nutritionists
Physical Therapists
Preventive Medicine
Recurrence
Rehabilitation*
Secondary Prevention
Specialization
Sports Medicine
Surgeons

Cited by  5 articles

Underutilization of Hospital-based Cardiac Rehabilitation after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Korea
Sun-Hyung Kim, Jun-soo Ro, Yoon Kim, Ja-Ho Leigh, Won-Seok Kim
J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(30):e262.    doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e262.

Community-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Conducted in a Public Health Center in South Korea: A Preliminary Study
Sora Baek, Yuncheol Ha, Jaemin Mok, Hee-won Park, Hyo-Rim Son, Mi-Suk Jin
Ann Rehabil Med. 2020;44(6):481-492.    doi: 10.5535/arm.20084.

Clinical Practice Guideline for Postoperative Rehabilitation in Older Patients With Hip Fractures
Kyunghoon Min, Jaewon Beom, Bo Ryun Kim, Sang Yoon Lee, Goo Joo Lee, Jung Hwan Lee, Seung Yeol Lee, Sun Jae Won, Sangwoo Ahn, Heui Je Bang, Yonghan Cha, Min Cheol Chang, Jung-Yeon Choi, Jong Geol Do, Kyung Hee Do, Jae-Young Han, Il-Young Jang, Youri Jin, Dong Hwan Kim, Du Hwan Kim, In Jong Kim, Myung Chul Kim, Won Kim, Yun Jung Lee, In Seok Lee, In-Sik Lee, JungSoo Lee, Chang-Hyung Lee, Seong Hoon Lim, Donghwi Park, Jung Hyun Park, Myungsook Park, Yongsoon Park, Ju Seok Ryu, Young Jin Song, Seoyon Yang, Hee Seung Yang, Ji Sung Yoo, Jun-il Yoo, Seung Don Yoo, Kyoung Hyo Choi, Jae-Young Lim
Ann Rehabil Med. 2021;45(3):225-259.    doi: 10.5535/arm.21110.

Evaluation of Current Resources Available for Community-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Korea: A Nationwide Survey Study
Chul Kim, Jidong Sung, Jae-Young Han, Sungju Jee, Jang Woo Lee, Jong Hwa Lee, Won-Seok Kim, Heui Je Bang, Sora Baek, Kyung Lim Joa, Ae Ryoung Kim, So Young Lee, Jihee Kim, Chung Reen Kim, Oh Pum Kwon
J Korean Med Sci. 2022;37(14):e109.    doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e109.

Fact Sheet on Cardiac Rehabilitation for Cardiovascular Disease in South Korea
Ki-Hong Kim, Jae-Young Han
Ann Rehabil Med. 2023;47(5):318-325.    doi: 10.5535/arm.23050.


Reference

1. Shin HY, Lee JY, Song J, Lee S, Lee J, Lim B, et al. Cause-of-death statistics in the Republic of Korea, 2014. J Korean Med Assoc. 2016; 59:221–32.
Article
2. Lee SW, Kim HC, Lee HS, Suh I. Thirty-year trends in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Korea. Korean Circ J. 2015; 45:202–9.
Article
3. Korean Statistical Information Service. Cause of death statistics. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2016.
4. Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation. Canadian guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and cardiovascular disease prevention: translating knowledge into action. Winnipeg: Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation;2009.
5. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Cardiac rehabilitation: a national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network;2017.
6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Myocardial infarction: cardiac rehabilitation and prevention of further cardiovascular disease (CG172). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence;2013.
7. Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update. A guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011; 124:2458–73.
8. JCS Joint Working Group. Guidelines for rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease (JCS 2012). Circ J. 2014; 78:2022–93.
9. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016; 37:2315–81.
10. Steering Committee for Clinical Practice Guideline. Korean Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II. Seoul: Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korean Academy of Medical Science;2010.
11. Cardiac Rehabilitation Guideline Panel. Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. Am Fam Physician. 1995; 52:2257–64.
12. Balady GJ, Ades PA, Bittner VA, Franklin BA, Gordon NF, Thomas RJ, et al. Referral, enrollment, and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs at clinical centers and beyond: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011; 124:2951–60.
13. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012; 33:1635–701.
14. Anderson L, Oldridge N, Thompson DR, Zwisler AD, Rees K, Martin N, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67:1–12.
15. Sumner J, Harrison A, Doherty P. The effectiveness of modern cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review of recent observational studies in non-attenders versus attenders. PLoS One. 2017; 12:e0177658.
Article
16. Goodwin L, Ostuzzi G, Khan N, Hotopf MH, Moss-Morris R. Can we identify the active ingredients of behaviour change interventions for coronary heart disease patients? A systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2016; 11:e0153271.
Article
17. Kim C, Kim DY, Moon CJ. Prognostic influences of cardiac rehabilitation in Korean acute myocardial infarction patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011; 35:375–80.
Article
18. Anderson L, Taylor RS. Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; (12):CD011273.
Article
19. Shepherd CW, While AE. Cardiac rehabilitation and quality of life: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012; 49:755–71.
Article
20. Abell B, Glasziou P, Hoffmann T. The contribution of individual exercise training components to clinical outcomes in randomised controlled trials of cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-regression. Sports Med Open. 2017; 3:19.
Article
21. van Halewijn G, Deckers J, Tay HY, van Domburg R, Kotseva K, Wood D. Lessons from contemporary trials of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 232:294–303.
Article
22. Chan E, Giallauria F, Vigorito C, Smart NA. Exercise training in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2016; 86:759.
Article
23. Pandey A, Parashar A, Kumbhani D, Agarwal S, Garg J, Kitzman D, et al. Exercise training in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: metaanalysis of randomized control trials. Circ Heart Fail. 2015; 8:33–40.
24. Haykowsky M, Scott J, Esch B, Schopflocher D, Myers J, Paterson I, et al. A meta-analysis of the effects of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction: start early and go longer for greatest exercise benefits on remodeling. Trials. 2011; 12:92.
Article
25. Zhang YM, Lu Y, Tang Y, Yang D, Wu HF, Bian ZP, et al. The effects of different initiation time of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Disabil Rehabil. 2016; 38:268–76.
Article
26. Oldridge N. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: meta-analysis outcomes revisited. Future Cardiol. 2012; 8:729–51.
Article
27. Kim C, Bang HJ, Kim JH, Sohn MK, Yang CY, Lee SG, et al. Recommendations for establishing cardiac rehabilitation programs: facility, equipment and staff. The Korean Society of Cardiac Rehabilitation (KSCR) position statement. J Korean Acad Rehabil Med. 2010; 34:491–7.
28. Jones J, Buckley JP, Furze G, Doherty P, Speck L, Connolly S, et al. The BACPR standards and core components for cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation 2012. London: British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation;2012.
29. Clark AM, Catto S, Bowman G, Macintyre PD. Design matters in secondary prevention: individualization and supervised exercise improves the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011; 18:761–9.
Article
30. Coulter A, Entwistle VA, Eccles A, Ryan S, Shepperd S, Perera R. Personalised care planning for adults with chronic or long-term health conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; (3):CD010523.
Article
31. Hill K, Walwyn R, Camidge D, Murray J, Meads D, Reynolds G, et al. A randomized feasibility trial of a new lifestyle referral assessment versus usual assessment in an acute cardiology setting. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2016; 31:507–516.
Article
32. Weibel L, Massarotto P, Hediger H, Mahrer-Imhof R. Early education and counselling of patients with acute coronary syndrome. A pilot study for a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2016; 15:213–22.
Article
33. Fors A, Swedberg K, Ulin K, Wolf A, Ekman I. Effects of person-centred care after an event of acute coronary syndrome: two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 249:42–7.
34. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N. Depression in patients with cardiac disease: a practical review. J Psychosom Res. 2000; 48:379–91.
35. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Depression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 54:241–7.
Article
36. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Recent evidence linking coronary heart disease and depression. Can J Psychiatry. 2006; 51:730–7.
Article
37. Gehi A, Haas D, Pipkin S, Whooley MA. Depression and medication adherence in outpatients with coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165:2508–13.
38. Ades PA, Waldmann ML, McCann WJ, Weaver SO. Predictors of cardiac rehabilitation participation in older coronary patients. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152:1033–5.
Article
39. Glazer KM, Emery CF, Frid DJ, Banyasz RE. Psychological predictors of adherence and outcomes among patients in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2002; 22:40–6.
Article
40. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Gravel G, Masson A, Juneau M, Talajic M, et al. Depression and healthcare costs during the first year following myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res. 2000; 48:471–8.
Article
41. Shibeshi WA, Young-Xu Y, Blatt CM. Anxiety worsens prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49:2021–7.
Article
42. Murphy BM, Higgins RO, Jackson AC. Anxiety, depression, and psychological adjustment after an acute cardiac event. In : Alvarenga ME, Byrne DG, editors. Handbook of psychocardiology. Singapore: Springer;2015. p. 1–21.
43. Richards SH, Anderson L, Jenkinson CE, Whalley B, Rees K, Davies P, et al. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 4:CD002902.
Article
44. Klainin-Yobas P, Ng SH, Stephen PDM, Lau Y. Efficacy of psychosocial interventions on psychological outcomes among people with cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Educ Couns. 2016; 99:512–21.
Article
45. von Kanel R, Barth J, Princip M, Meister-Langraf RE, Schmid JP, Znoj H, et al. Early psychological counseling for the prevention of posttraumatic stress induced by acute coronary syndrome: the MI-SPRINT randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2018; 87:75–84.
Article
46. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2013.
47. American Association of Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics;2013.
48. Balady GJ, Leitschuh ML, Jacobs AK, Merrell D, Weiner DA, Ryan TJ. Safety and clinical use of exercise testing one to three days after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 69:1259–64.
Article
49. Horgan J, Bethell H, Carson P, Davidson C, Julian D, Mayou RA, et al. Working party report on cardiac rehabilitation. Br Heart J. 1992; 67:412–8.
Article
50. Goble AJ, Worcester MC. Best practice guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. Melbourne, Australia: Department of Human Services;1999.
51. Wright DJ, Khan KM, Gossage EM, Saltissi S. Assessment of a low-intensity cardiac rehabilitation programme using the six-minute walk test. Clin Rehabil. 2001; 15:119–24.
Article
52. Tallaj JA, Sanderson B, Breland J, Adams C, Schumann C, Bittner V. Assessment of functional outcomes using the 6-minute walk test in cardiac rehabilitation: comparison of patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001; 21:221–4.
Article
53. Verrill DE, Barton C, Beasley W, Lippard M, King CN. Six-minute walk performance and quality of life comparisons in North Carolina cardiac rehabilitation programs. Heart Lung. 2003; 32:41–51.
Article
54. Bellet RN, Adams L, Morris NR. The 6-minute walk test in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: validity, reliability and responsiveness. A systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2012; 98:277–86.
55. Nogueira PA, Leal AC, Pulz C, Nogueira ID, Filho JA. Clinical reliability of the 6 minute corridor walk test performed within a week of a myocardial infarction. Int Heart J. 2006; 47:533–40.
Article
56. Hanson LC, McBurney H, Taylor NF. The retest reliability of the six-minute walk test in patients referred to a cardiac rehabilitation programme. Physiother Res Int. 2012; 17:55–61.
Article
57. Harris KM, Anderson DR, Landers JD, Emery CF. Utility of walk tests in evaluating functional status among participants in an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2017; 37:329–33.
Article
58. Goto Y. Current state of cardiac rehabilitation in Japan. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014; 56:557–62.
Article
59. Im HW, Baek S, Jee S, Ahn JM, Park MW, Kim WS. Barriers to outpatient hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation in Korean patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ann Rehabil Med. 2018; 42:154–65.
Article
60. Ades PA, Keteyian SJ, Wright JS, Hamm LF, Lui K, Newlin K, et al. Increasing cardiac rehabilitation participation from 20% to 70%: a road map from the Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Collaborative. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017; 92:234–42.
Article
61. Karmali KN, Davies P, Taylor F, Beswick A, Martin N, Ebrahim S. Promoting patient uptake and adherence in cardiac rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; (6):CD007131.
Article
62. Cossette S, Frasure-Smith N, Dupuis J, Juneau M, Guertin MC. Randomized controlled trial of tailored nursing interventions to improve cardiacrehabilitation enrollment. Nurs Res. 2012; 61:111–20.
63. Hillebrand T, Frodermann H, Lehr D, Wirth A. Increased participation in coronary groups by means of an outpatient care program. Herz Kreislauf. 1995; 27:346–9.
64. Jolly K, Bradley F, Sharp S, Smith H, Thompson S, Kinmonth AL, et al. Randomised controlled trial of follow up care in general practice of patients with myocardial infarction and angina: final results of the Southampton heart integrated care project (SHIP). The SHIP Collaborative Group. BMJ. 1999; 318:706–11.
65. Price JA. A pilot trial of a coaching intervention designed to increase women’s attendance at cardiac rehabilitation intake. [dissertation]. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto;2012.
66. Pack QR, Mansour M, Barboza JS, Hibner BA, Mahan MG, Ehrman JK, et al. An early appointment to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation at hospital discharge improves attendance at orientation: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. Circulation. 2013; 127:349–55.
67. Wyer S, Earll L, Joseph S, Harrison J, Giles M, Johnston M. Increasing attendance at a cardiac rehabilitation programme: an intervention study using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Coron Health Care. 2001; 5:154–9.
Article
68. Arrigo I, Brunner-LaRocca H, Lefkovits M, Pfisterer M, Hoffmann A. Comparative outcome one year after formal cardiac rehabilitation: the effects of a randomized intervention to improve exercise adherence. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008; 15:306–11.
69. Duncan KA, Pozehl B. Staying on course: the effects of an adherence facilitation intervention on home exercise participation. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2002; 17:59–65. , 71.
Article
70. Sniehotta FF, Scholz U, Schwarzer R. Action plans and coping plans for physical exercise: a longitudinal intervention study in cardiac rehabilitation. Br J Health Psychol. 2006; 11(Pt 1):23–37.
Article
71. Reid RD, Morrin LI, Higginson LA, Wielgosz A, Blanchard C, Beaton LJ, et al. Motivational counselling for physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease not participating in cardiac rehabilitation. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012; 19:161–6.
Article
72. Grace SL, Midence L, Oh P, Brister S, Chessex C, Stewart DE, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation program adherence and functional capacity among women: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016; 91:140–8.
Article
73. Lynggaard V, Nielsen CV, Zwisler AD, Taylor RS, May O. The patient education: learning and coping strategies. Improves adherence in cardiac rehabilitation (LC-REHAB): a randomised controlled trial. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 236:65–70.
74. Grace SL, Chessex C, Arthur H, Chan S, Cyr C, Dafoe W, et al. Systematizing inpatient referral to cardiac rehabilitation 2010: Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Canadian Cardiovascular Society joint position paper endorsed by the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario. Can J Cardiol. 2011; 27:192–9.
75. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004; 116:682–92.
Article
76. van den Berg-Emons RJ, Bussmann JB, Balk AH, Stam HJ. Factors associated with the level of movement-related everyday activity and quality of life in people with chronic heart failure. Phys Ther. 2005; 85:1340–8.
Article
77. ter Hoeve N, Huisstede BM, Stam HJ, van Domburg RT, Sunamura M, van den Berg-Emons RJ. Does cardiac rehabilitation after an acute cardiac syndrome lead to changes in physical activity habits? Systematic review. Phys Ther. 2015; 95:167–79.
Article
78. Cha S, Park JJ, Kim S, Ahn HY, Han K, Lee Y, et al. Need for systematic efforts to modify health-related behaviors after acute myocardial infarction in Korea. Circ J. 2018; 82:2523–9.
Article
79. Aldcroft SA, Taylor NF, Blackstock FC, O’Halloran PD. Psychoeducational rehabilitation for health behavior change in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of controlled trials. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2011; 31:273–81.
80. Tingstrom PR, Kamwendo K, Bergdahl B. Effects of a problem-based learning rehabilitation programme on quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2005; 4:324–30.
81. Carlson JJ, Johnson JA, Franklin BA, VanderLaan RL. Program participation, exercise adherence, cardiovascular outcomes, and program cost of traditional versus modified cardiac rehabilitation. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86:17–23.
Article
82. Izawa KP, Watanabe S, Omiya K, Hirano Y, Oka K, Osada N, et al. Effect of the self-monitoring approach on exercise maintenance during cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005; 84:313–21.
83. Fournier M, Radel R, Bailly L, Pradier C, Fabre R, Fuch A, et al. “As du Coeur” study: a randomized controlled trial on physical activity maintenance in cardiovascular patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018; 18:77.
Article
84. Ter Hoeve N, Sunamura M, Stam HJ, Boersma E, Geleijnse ML, van Domburg RT, et al. Effects of two behavioral cardiac rehabilitation interventions on physical activity: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Cardiol. 2018; 255:221–8.
Article
85. Kulik A, Ruel M, Jneid H, Ferguson TB, Hiratzka LF, Ikonomidis JS, et al. Secondary prevention after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015; 131:927–64.
86. Hansen D, Dendale P, Leenders M, Berger J, Raskin A, Vaes J, et al. Reduction of cardiovascular event rate: different effects of cardiac rehabilitation in CABG and PCI patients. Acta Cardiol. 2009; 64:639–44.
87. Hedback B, Perk J, Hornblad M, Ohlsson U. Cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery: 10-year results on mortality, morbidity and readmissions to hospital. J Cardiovasc Risk. 2001; 8:153–8.
Article
88. Aldahash R, Al Dera HS. Physical therapy program improves the physiological impact towards better quality of life and low cardiac risk factors in patients following coronary artery bypass grafting: systematic review. Acta Medica Int. 2016; 3:185–95.
89. Kim SY, Oh JK, Youn JH, Kim YJ. The effect of cardiac rehabilitation I phase program on physical capacity after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Korean J Sports Med. 2012; 30:85–91.
Article
90. Hamm LF, Sanderson BK, Ades PA, Berra K, Kaminsky LA, Roitman JL, et al. Core competencies for cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention professionals: 2010 update. Position statement of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2011; 31:2–10.
91. Anderson L, Thompson DR, Oldridge N, Zwisler AD, Rees K, Martin N, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; (1):CD001800.
Article
92. Brown A, Taylor R, Noorani H, Stone J, Skidmore B. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs for coronary artery disease: a systematic clinical and economic review. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment;2003.
93. Chen YC, Tsai JC, Liou YM, Chan P. Effectiveness of endurance exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2017; 16:397–408.
Article
94. Liou K, Ho S, Fildes J, Ooi SY. High intensity interval versus moderate intensity continuous training in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of physiological and clinical parameters. Heart Lung Circ. 2016; 25:166–74.
Article
95. Choi HY, Han HJ, Choi JW, Jung HY, Joa KL. Superior effects of high-intensity interval training compared to conventional therapy on cardiovascular and psychological aspects in myocardial infarction. Ann Rehabil Med. 2018; 42:145–53.
Article
96. Kim C, Choi HE, Lim MH. Effect of high interval training in acute myocardial infarction patients with drug-eluting stent. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2015; 94(10 Suppl 1):879–86.
Article
97. Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, Amsterdam EA, Bittner V, Franklin BA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2007; 116:572–84.
98. Hollings M, Mavros Y, Freeston J, Fiatarone Singh M. The effect of progressive resistance training on aerobic fitness and strength in adults with coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017; 24:1242–59.
99. Karagiannis C, Savva C, Mamais I, Efstathiou M, Monticone M, Xanthos T. Eccentric exercise in ischemic cardiac patients and functional capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2017; 60:58–64.
Article
100. Xanthos PD, Gordon BA, Kingsley MI. Implementing resistance training in the rehabilitation of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 230:493–508.
Article
101. Kavanagh T, Mertens DJ, Hamm LF, Beyene J, Kennedy J, Corey P, et al. Prediction of long-term prognosis in 12 169 men referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Circulation. 2002; 106:666–71.
Article
102. Kavanagh T, Mertens DJ, Hamm LF, Beyene J, Kennedy J, Corey P, et al. Peak oxygen intake and cardiac mortality in women referred for cardiac rehabilitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42:2139–43.
Article
103. Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987; 106:793–800.
Article
104. Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, Hlatky MA, Lee KL, Bengtson JR, et al. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:849–53.
Article
105. Vanhees L, Fagard R, Thijs L, Staessen J, Amery A. Prognostic significance of peak exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23:358–63.
Article
106. Kokkinos P, Myers J, Kokkinos JP, Pittaras A, Narayan P, Manolis A, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men. Circulation. 2008; 117:614–22.
Article
107. Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001; 104:1694–740.
108. Kim C, Moon CJ, Lim MH. Safety of monitoring exercise for early hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation. Ann Rehabil Med. 2012; 36:262–7.
Article
109. Claes J, Buys R, Budts W, Smart N, Cornelissen VA. Longer-term effects of home-based exercise interventions on exercise capacity and physical activity in coronary artery disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017; 24:244–56.
Article
110. Anderson L, Sharp GA, Norton RJ, Dalal H, Dean SG, Jolly K, et al. Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 6:CD007130.
Article
111. Huang K, Liu W, He D, Huang B, Xiao D, Peng Y, et al. Telehealth interventions versus center-based cardiac rehabilitation of coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015; 22:959–71.
Article
112. McClure T, Haykowsky MJ, Schopflocher D, Hsu ZY, Clark AM. Home-based secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of effects on anxiety. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2013; 33:59–67.
113. Heron N, Kee F, Donnelly M, Cardwell C, Tully MA, Cupples ME. Behaviour change techniques in homebased cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2016; 66:e747. –57.
Article
114. Lee YH, Hur SH, Sohn J, Lee HM, Park NH, Cho YK, et al. Impact of home-based exercise training with wireless monitoring on patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J Korean Med Sci. 2013; 28:564–8.
Article
115. Chung H, Ko H, Thap T, Jeong C, Noh SE, Yoon KH, et al. Smartphone-based cardiac rehabilitation program: feasibility study. PLoS One. 2016; 11:e0161268.
Article
116. Lee H, Chung H, Ko H, Jeong C, Noh SE, Kim C, et al. Dedicated cardiac rehabilitation wearable sensor and its clinical potential. PLoS One. 2017; 12:e0187108.
Article
117. Rich MW, Bosner MS, Chung MK, Shen J, McKenzie JP. Is age an independent predictor of early and late mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction? Am J Med. 1992; 92:7–13.
Article
118. Ades PA, Savage PD, Tischler MD, Poehlman ET, Dee J, Niggel J. Determinants of disability in older coronary patients. Am Heart J. 2002; 143:151–6.
Article
119. Pasquali SK, Alexander KP, Peterson ED. Cardiac rehabilitation in the elderly. Am Heart J. 2001; 142:748–55.
Article
120. Audelin MC, Savage PD, Ades PA. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for very old patients (> or =75 years): focus on physical function. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2008; 28:163–73.
121. Yamamoto S, Hotta K, Ota E, Mori R, Matsunaga A. Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, exercise capacity, and mobility in middle-aged and elderly patients with coronary artery disease: a metaanalysis. J Cardiol. 2016; 68:125–34.
Article
122. Kim JH. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation in elderly patients after myocardial infarction. J Korea Acad-Ind Coop Soc. 2016; 17:464–71.
Article
123. British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. The BACPR standards and core components for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation 2017. London: British Cardiovascular Society;2017.
124. Ferrier S, Blanchard CM, Vallis M, Giacomantonio N. Behavioural interventions to increase the physical activity of cardiac patients: a review. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011; 18:15–32.
Article
125. Tierney S, Mamas M, Skelton D, Woods S, Rutter MK, Gibson M, et al. What can we learn from patients with heart failure about exercise adherence? A systematic review of qualitative papers. Health Psychol. 2011; 30:401–10.
Article
126. Anderson L, Brown JP, Clark AM, Dalal H, Rossau HK, Bridges C, et al. Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 6:CD008895.
Article
127. Nieuwlaat R, Wilczynski N, Navarro T, Hobson N, Jeffery R, Keepanasseril A, et al. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; (11):CD000011.
Article
128. Chase JA, Bogener JL, Ruppar TM, Conn VS. The effectiveness of medication adherence interventions among patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2016; 31:357–66.
129. Adler AJ, Martin N, Mariani J, Tajer CD, Owolabi OO, Free C, et al. Mobile phone text messaging to improve medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 4:CD011851.
Article
130. Gandapur Y, Kianoush S, Kelli HM, Misra S, Urrea B, Blaha MJ, et al. The role of mHealth for improving medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2016; 2:237–44.
Article
131. Gandhi S, Chen S, Hong L, Sun K, Gong E, Li C, et al. Effect of mobile health interventions on the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2017; 33:219–31.
Article
132. Zullig LL, Ramos K, Bosworth HB. Improving medication adherence in coronary heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017; 19:113.
Article
133. Barth J, Jacob T, Daha I, Critchley JA. Psychosocial interventions for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; (7):CD006886.
Article
134. Kotb A, Hsieh S, Wells GA. The effect of telephone support interventions on coronary artery disease (CAD) patient outcomes during cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e96581.
Article
135. Rigotti NA, Clair C, Munafo MR, Stead LF. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (5):CD001837.
Article
136. Rice VH, Hartmann-Boyce J, Stead LF. Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; (8):CD001188.
Article
137. Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Lancaster T. Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; (10):CD009670.
Article
138. Franck C, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Smoking cessation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2018; 121:1105–11.
Article
139. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, de Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 129(25 Suppl 2):S76–99.
140. National Heart Foundation of Australia; Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Reducing risk in heart disease: an expert guide to clinical practice for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Melbourne. Australia: National Heart Foundation of Australia, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand;2002.
141. Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline of the Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis. Korean Guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia. 4th ed. Seoul: Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis;2018.
142. The Committee of Hypertension Clinical Guideline of Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. Evidencebased recommendations for hypertension in primary care. Seoul: Korean Academy of Medical Sciences, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention;2018.
143. Sofi F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92:1189–96.
Article
144. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:1279–90.
Article
145. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378:e34.
Article
146. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999; 99:779–85.
147. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Laxmi B, Singh R, Ghosh S, et al. Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction: results of one year follow up. BMJ. 1992; 304:1015–9.
Article
148. McGowan MP, Proulx S. Nutritional supplements and serum lipids: does anything work? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2009; 11:470–6.
Article
149. Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 7:CD003177.
Article
150. Kotwal S, Jun M, Sullivan D, Perkovic V, Neal B. Omega 3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012; 5:808–18.
151. Rizos EC, Elisaf MS. Does supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs add to the prevention of cardiovascular disease? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017; 19:47.
Article
152. Enns JE, Yeganeh A, Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Friesen C, Zahradka P, et al. The impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the incidence of cardiovascular events and complications in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014; 14:70.
Article
153. Gong J, Qin X, Yuan F, Hu M, Chen G, Fang K, et al. Efficacy and safety of sugarcane policosanol on dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018; 62.
Article
154. Marazzi G, Campolongo G, Pelliccia F, Quattrino S, Vitale C, Cacciotti L, et al. Comparison of low-dose statin versus low-dose statin + Armolipid plus in high-intensity statin-intolerant patients with a previous coronary event and percutaneous coronary intervention (ADHERENCE Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2017; 120:893–7.
155. Xu K, Liu X, Li Y, Wang Y, Zang H, Guo L, et al. Safety and efficacy of policosanol in patients with high ontreatment platelet reactivity after drug-eluting stent implantation: two-year follow-up results. Cardiovasc Ther. 2016; 34:337–42.
Article
156. Berthold HK, Unverdorben S, Degenhardt R, Bulitta M, Gouni-Berthold I. Effect of policosanol on lipid levels among patients with hypercholesterolemia or combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006; 295:2262–9.
157. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e56803.
Article
158. Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women’s Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005; 294:56–65.
159. Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Beta-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91:2102–6.
160. Loffredo L, Perri L, Di Castelnuovo A, Iacoviello L, De Gaetano G, Violi F. Supplementation with vitamin E alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 25:354–63.
Article
161. Myung SK, Ju W, Cho B, Oh SW, Park SM, Koo BK, et al. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2013; 346:f10.
162. World Health Organization. mHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologies. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization;2011.
163. Poushter J. Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center;2016.
164. Statista Inc. Mobile Internet - Statistics & Facts [Internet]. New York, NY: Statista Inc;2018. [cited 2019 Jun 1]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/topics/779/mobile-internet/.
165. Statista Inc. Number of mHealth app downloads worldwide from 2013 to 2017 (in billions) [Internet]. New York, NY: Statista Inc;c2019. [cited 2019 Jun 1]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/625034/mobile-health-app-downloads/.
166. Clark RA, Conway A, Poulsen V, Keech W, Tirimacco R, Tideman P. Alternative models of cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015; 22:35–74.
Article
167. Maddison R, Pfaeffli L, Whittaker R, Stewart R, Kerr A, Jiang Y, et al. A mobile phone intervention increases physical activity in people with cardiovascular disease: Results from the HEART randomized controlled trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015; 22:701–9.
Article
168. Butler L, Furber S, Phongsavan P, Mark A, Bauman A. Effects of a pedometer-based intervention on physical activity levels after cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009; 29:105–14.
169. Verheijden Klompstra L, Jaarsma T, Stromberg A. Exergaming in older adults: a scoping review and implementation potential for patients with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2014; 13:388–98.
Article
170. Devi R, Powell J, Singh S. A web-based program improves physical activity outcomes in a primary care angina population: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2014; 16:e186.
Article
171. Lear SA, Singer J, Banner-Lukaris D, Horvat D, Park JE, Bates J, et al. Randomized trial of a virtual cardiac rehabilitation program delivered at a distance via the Internet. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014; 7:952–9.
Article
172. Reid RD, Morrin LI, Beaton LJ, Papadakis S, Kocourek J, McDonnell L, et al. Randomized trial of an internet-based computer-tailored expert system for physical activity in patients with heart disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012; 19:1357–64.
Article
173. Coorey GM, Neubeck L, Mulley J, Redfern J. Effectiveness, acceptability and usefulness of mobile applications for cardiovascular disease self-management: systematic review with meta-synthesis of quantitative and qualitative data. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018; 25:505–21.
Article
174. Ho PM, Bryson CL, Rumsfeld JS. Medication adherence: its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation. 2009; 119:3028–35.
175. Korean Nutrition Society. (2015) Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Seoul: Korean Nutrition Society;2016.
176. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens. 2002; 16:761–70.
Article
177. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:3–10.
178. Zhang Z, Xu G, Liu D, Zhu W, Fan X, Liu X. Dietary fiber consumption and risk of stroke. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013; 28:119–30.
Article
179. Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, et al. Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013; 347:f6879.
Article
Full Text Links
  • ARM
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr