Dement Neurocogn Disord.  2016 Dec;15(4):159-164. 10.12779/dnd.2016.15.4.159.

Disproportionate Decline of Executive Functions in Early Mild Cognitive Impairment, Late Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Mild Alzheimer's Disease

• Kim S
• Kang Y
• Yu KH
• Lee BC

• KMID: 2442843
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2016.15.4.159

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Many literatures indicate that executive dysfunction exists in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as well as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are few studies that found how early the deficits of the executive function (EF) exist in MCI. The present study investigated the presence of executive dysfunctions in the earliest stage of MCI, and the sub-domains of EF which are disproportionately impaired earlier than others.
METHODS
The participants were 41 normal elderly (NE), 86 with amnestic multi-domain MCI, and 41 with mild AD. The MCI group was further sub-divided into two groups: Early MCI (EMCI, n=45) and late MCI (n=41), based on the Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes. All participants were given neuropsychological tests to assess the sub-domains of EF, such as verbal fluency, psychomotor speed, inhibitory control, and mental set-shifting.
RESULTS
Impairment of semantic fluency was observed in EMCI, with gradual worsening as cases approached mild AD. Phonemic fluency and psychomotor speed were also impaired at the early stage of MCI relative to the NE, but maintained at the same level up to mild AD. EMCI exhibited the same degree of performance with NE for inhibitory control and mental set-shifting; however, they progressively worsened from EMCI to mild AD.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that impairments of EF exist even in the earliest stage of the MCI, with a disproportionate decline in the sub-domains of EF.

Keyword

mild cognitive impairment; Alzheimer's disease; executive function; verbal fluency; psychomotor speed; inhibitory control; mental set-shifting

MeSH Terms

Aged
Alzheimer Disease*
Dementia
Executive Function*
Humans
Mild Cognitive Impairment*
Neuropsychological Tests
Semantics

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