Clin Exp Vaccine Res.  2018 Jan;7(1):16-23. 10.7774/cevr.2018.7.1.16.

Distinct features of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy as cancer vaccines

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea. nature@sejong.ac.kr

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most professional antigen presenting cells that play important roles in connection between innate and adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies revealed that the functions of DCs are related with the capture and processing of antigen as well as the migration to lymphoid tissues for the presenting antigens to T cells. These unique features of DCs allow them to be considered as therapeutic vaccines that can induce immune responses and anti-tumor activity. Here, we discuss and understand the immunological basis of DCs and presume the possibilities of DC-based vaccines for the promising cancer therapy.

Keyword

Dendritic cells; Vaccines; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms

MeSH Terms

Antigen-Presenting Cells
Cancer Vaccines*
Dendritic Cells
Immunotherapy*
Lymphoid Tissue
T-Lymphocytes
Vaccines
Cancer Vaccines
Vaccines

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Role of dendritic cells (DCs) in antigen capture, processing and presentation. Immature dendritic cells capture exogenous particles, proteins, and pathogens in peripheral tissues. Upon maturation in response to inflammatory stimuli, antigen-loaded dendritic cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs. In these sites, mature dendritic cells present antigen to T cells and induce T-cell priming, leading to generation of helper T cells (Th), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Under certain conditions, antigen-loaded dendritic cells can induce T-cell tolerance.

  • Fig. 2 The generatFioInG oUf RdeEn d2r.i tDice cnedllr (iDtiCc) cvealclc vinaec.c Tihnee multiple steps of process are inevitable for the generation of DC-based vaccine. The syngeneic source of DCs are collected and undergo the maturation of immature DCs to mature DCs by the exposure to the tumor specific antigens, mRNA, or peptides, etc. Finally, DC-based vaccines are administered with contemporary immune modulators or adjuvants.


Reference

1. Steinman RM, Cohn ZA. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J Exp Med. 1973; 137:1142–1162.
Article
2. Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC. Dendritic cells: features and functions. Immunol Rev. 1980; 53:127–147.
Article
3. Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature. 1998; 392:245–252.
Article
4. Banchereau J, Briere F, Caux C, et al. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2000; 18:767–811.
Article
5. Mellman I, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. Cell. 2001; 106:255–258.
6. Steinman RM. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol. 1991; 9:271–296.
Article
7. Munz C, Steinman RM, Fujii S. Dendritic cell maturation by innate lymphocytes: coordinated stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity. J Exp Med. 2005; 202:203–207.
8. Steinman RM. Decisions about dendritic cells: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012; 30:1–22.
Article
9. Steinman RM, Pack M, Inaba K. Dendritic cell development and maturation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997; 417:1–6.
Article
10. Steinman RM, Idoyaga J. Features of the dendritic cell lineage. Immunol Rev. 2010; 234:5–17.
Article
11. Steinman RM, Inaba K, Turley S, Pierre P, Mellman I. Antigen capture, processing, and presentation by dendritic cells: recent cell biological studies. Hum Immunol. 1999; 60:562–567.
Article
12. Cella M, Engering A, Pinet V, Pieters J, Lanzavecchia A. Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells. Nature. 1997; 388:782–787.
Article
13. Guermonprez P, Valladeau J, Zitvogel L, Thery C, Amigorena S. Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002; 20:621–667.
Article
14. Alvarez D, Vollmann EH, von Andrian UH. Mechanisms and consequences of dendritic cell migration. Immunity. 2008; 29:325–342.
Article
15. Thery C, Amigorena S. The cell biology of antigen presentation in dendritic cells. Curr Opin Immunol. 2001; 13:45–51.
Article
16. Bonasio R, von Andrian UH. Generation, migration and function of circulating dendritic cells. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006; 18:503–511.
Article
17. MartIn-Fontecha A, Sebastiani S, Hopken UE, et al. Regulation of dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph node: impact on T lymphocyte traffic and priming. J Exp Med. 2003; 198:615–621.
18. Dieu MC, Vanbervliet B, Vicari A, et al. Selective recruitment of immature and mature dendritic cells by distinct chemokines expressed in different anatomic sites. J Exp Med. 1998; 188:373–386.
Article
19. Randolph GJ, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Angeli V. Factors and signals that govern the migration of dendritic cells via lymphatics: recent advances. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2005; 26:273–287.
Article
20. Cavanagh LL, Bonasio R, Mazo IB, et al. Activation of bone marrow-resident memory T cells by circulating, antigen-bearing dendritic cells. Nat Immunol. 2005; 6:1029–1037.
Article
21. Shortman K, Liu YJ. Mouse and human dendritic cell subtypes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002; 2:151–161.
Article
22. Shortman K, Naik SH. Steady-state and inflammatory dendritic-cell development. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007; 7:19–30.
Article
23. MacDonald KP, Munster DJ, Clark GJ, Dzionek A, Schmitz J, Hart DN. Characterization of human blood dendritic cell subsets. Blood. 2002; 100:4512–4520.
Article
24. Dzionek A, Fuchs A, Schmidt P, et al. BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol. 2000; 165:6037–6046.
Article
25. Shortman K, Heath WR. The CD8+ dendritic cell subset. Immunol Rev. 2010; 234:18–31.
26. Villadangos JA, Schnorrer P. Intrinsic and cooperative antigen-presenting functions of dendritic-cell subsets in vivo. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007; 7:543–555.
Article
27. den Haan JM, Lehar SM, Bevan MJ. CD8(+) but not CD8(−) dendritic cells cross-prime cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J Exp Med. 2000; 192:1685–1696.
Article
28. Hochrein H, Shortman K, Vremec D, Scott B, Hertzog P, O'Keeffe M. Differential production of IL-12, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma by mouse dendritic cell subsets. J Immunol. 2001; 166:5448–5455.
Article
29. Vremec D, Pooley J, Hochrein H, Wu L, Shortman K. CD4 and CD8 expression by dendritic cell subtypes in mouse thymus and spleen. J Immunol. 2000; 164:2978–2986.
Article
30. del Rio ML, Bernhardt G, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Forster R. Development and functional specialization of CD103+ dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2010; 234:268–281.
31. Bedoui S, Whitney PG, Waithman J, et al. Cross-presentation of viral and self antigens by skin-derived CD103+ dendritic cells. Nat Immunol. 2009; 10:488–495.
Article
32. Liu YJ. IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005; 23:275–306.
Article
33. Gilliet M, Cao W, Liu YJ. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: sensing nucleic acids in viral infection and autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8:594–606.
Article
34. Villadangos JA, Young L. Antigen-presentation properties of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunity. 2008; 29:352–361.
Article
35. Swiecki M, Colonna M. Unraveling the functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells during viral infections, autoimmunity, and tolerance. Immunol Rev. 2010; 234:142–162.
Article
36. O'Keeffe M, Hochrein H, Vremec D, et al. Mouse plasmacytoid cells: long-lived cells, heterogeneous in surface phenotype and function, that differentiate into CD8(+) dendritic cells only after microbial stimulus. J Exp Med. 2002; 196:1307–1319.
37. Liu K, Waskow C, Liu X, Yao K, Hoh J, Nussenzweig M. Origin of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. Nat Immunol. 2007; 8:578–583.
Article
38. Naik SH, Sathe P, Park HY, et al. Development of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell subtypes from single precursor cells derived in vitro and in vivo. Nat Immunol. 2007; 8:1217–1226.
Article
39. Blasius AL, Giurisato E, Cella M, Schreiber RD, Shaw AS, Colonna M. Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 is a specific marker of type I IFN-producing cells in the naive mouse, but a promiscuous cell surface antigen following IFN stimulation. J Immunol. 2006; 177:3260–3265.
Article
40. Blasius A, Vermi W, Krug A, Facchetti F, Cella M, Colonna M. A cell-surface molecule selectively expressed on murine natural interferon-producing cells that blocks secretion of interferon-alpha. Blood. 2004; 103:4201–4206.
Article
41. Honda K, Ohba Y, Yanai H, et al. Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction. Nature. 2005; 434:1035–1040.
Article
42. Sasai M, Linehan MM, Iwasaki A. Bifurcation of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling by adaptor protein 3. Science. 2010; 329:1530–1534.
Article
43. Leon B, Lopez-Bravo M, Ardavin C. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells formed at the infection site control the induction of protective T helper 1 responses against Leishmania. Immunity. 2007; 26:519–531.
Article
44. Rotta G, Edwards EW, Sangaletti S, et al. Lipopolysaccharide or whole bacteria block the conversion of inflammatory monocytes into dendritic cells in vivo. J Exp Med. 2003; 198:1253–1263.
Article
45. Ginhoux F, Tacke F, Angeli V, et al. Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo. Nat Immunol. 2006; 7:265–273.
Article
46. Trombetta ES, Mellman I. Cell biology of antigen processing in vitro and in vivo. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005; 23:975–1028.
Article
47. Watts C. Capture and processing of exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC molecules. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997; 15:821–850.
Article
48. Watts C, Amigorena S. Antigen traffic pathways in dendritic cells. Traffic. 2000; 1:312–317.
Article
49. Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, Lanzavecchia A. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J Exp Med. 1995; 182:389–400.
Article
50. Garrett WS, Chen LM, Kroschewski R, et al. Developmental control of endocytosis in dendritic cells by Cdc42. Cell. 2000; 102:325–334.
Article
51. Palm NW, Medzhitov R. Pattern recognition receptors and control of adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev. 2009; 227:221–233.
Article
52. Amigorena S, Bonnerot C. Fc receptor signaling and trafficking: a connection for antigen processing. Immunol Rev. 1999; 172:279–284.
Article
53. East L, Isacke CM. The mannose receptor family. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002; 1572:364–386.
Article
54. Weis WI, Taylor ME, Drickamer K. The C-type lectin superfamily in the immune system. Immunol Rev. 1998; 163:19–34.
Article
55. Geijtenbeek TB, van Vliet SJ, Engering A, t Hart BA, van Kooyk Y. Self- and nonself-recognition by C-type lectins on dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004; 22:33–54.
Article
56. Mahnke K, Guo M, Lee S, et al. The dendritic cell receptor for endocytosis, DEC-205, can recycle and enhance antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex class II-positive lysosomal compartments. J Cell Biol. 2000; 151:673–684.
Article
57. Castellino F, Germain RN. Extensive trafficking of MHC class II-invariant chain complexes in the endocytic pathway and appearance of peptide-loaded class II in multiple compartments. Immunity. 1995; 2:73–88.
Article
58. Turley SJ, Inaba K, Garrett WS, et al. Transport of peptide-MHC class II complexes in developing dendritic cells. Science. 2000; 288:522–527.
Article
59. Pamer E, Cresswell P. Mechanisms of MHC class I--restricted antigen processing. Annu Rev Immunol. 1998; 16:323–358.
Article
60. Heath WR, Carbone FR. Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2001; 19:47–64.
Article
61. Heath WR, Belz GT, Behrens GM, et al. Cross-presentation, dendritic cell subsets, and the generation of immunity to cellular antigens. Immunol Rev. 2004; 199:9–26.
Article
62. Monu N, Trombetta ES. Cross-talk between the endocytic pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum in cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules. Curr Opin Immunol. 2007; 19:66–72.
Article
63. Joffre OP, Segura E, Savina A, Amigorena S. Cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012; 12:557–569.
Article
64. Inaba K, Turley S, Iyoda T, et al. The formation of immunogenic major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide ligands in lysosomal compartments of dendritic cells is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. J Exp Med. 2000; 191:927–936.
Article
65. Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Dynamics of T lymphocyte responses: intermediates, effectors, and memory cells. Science. 2000; 290:92–97.
Article
66. Bergtold A, Desai DD, Gavhane A, Clynes R. Cell surface recycling of internalized antigen permits dendritic cell priming of B cells. Immunity. 2005; 23:503–514.
Article
67. Kitamura H, Iwakabe K, Yahata T, et al. The natural killer T (NKT) cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide demonstrates its immunopotentiating effect by inducing interleukin (IL)-12 production by dendritic cells and IL-12 receptor expression on NKT cells. J Exp Med. 1999; 189:1121–1128.
Article
68. Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M. Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell. 2008; 133:775–787.
Article
69. Wing K, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells exert checks and balances on self tolerance and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2010; 11:7–13.
Article
70. Brocker T. The role of dendritic cells in T cell selection and survival. J Leukoc Biol. 1999; 66:331–335.
Article
71. Thompson AG, Thomas R. Induction of immune tolerance by dendritic cells: implications for preventative and therapeutic immunotherapy of autoimmune disease. Immunol Cell Biol. 2002; 80:509–519.
Article
72. Chen M, Wang YH, Wang Y, et al. Dendritic cell apoptosis in the maintenance of immune tolerance. Science. 2006; 311:1160–1164.
Article
73. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Immunity. 2013; 39:38–48.
Article
74. Mullard A. New cancer vaccines show clinical promise. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017; 16:519.
Article
75. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Human dendritic cell subsets in vaccination. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013; 25:396–402.
Article
76. Baek S, Lee SJ, Kim MJ, Lee H. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine in mouse lung cancer minimal residual model: comparison of monocyte-derived DC vs. hematopoietic stem cell derived-DC. Immune Netw. 2012; 12:269–276.
Article
77. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Cancer immunotherapy via dendritic cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012; 12:265–277.
Article
78. Carreno BM, Magrini V, Becker-Hapak M, et al. Cancer immunotherapy: a dendritic cell vaccine increases the breadth and diversity of melanoma neoantigen-specific T cells. Science. 2015; 348:803–808.
Article
79. Palucka K, Ueno H, Fay J, Banchereau J. Harnessing dendritic cells to generate cancer vaccines. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009; 1174:88–98.
Article
80. Tacken PJ, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Targeting antigens to dendritic cells in vivo. Immunobiology. 2006; 211:599–608.
Article
81. Thomann JS, Heurtault B, Weidner S, et al. Antitumor activity of liposomal ErbB2/HER2 epitope peptide-based vaccine constructs incorporating TLR agonists and mannose receptor targeting. Biomaterials. 2011; 32:4574–4583.
Article
82. Gregory AE, Titball R, Williamson D. Vaccine delivery using nanoparticles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3:13.
Article
83. Chinnasamy N, Treisman JS, Oaks MK, Hanson JP, Chinnasamy D. Ex vivo generation of genetically modified dendritic cells for immunotherapy: implications of lymphocyte contamination. Gene Ther. 2005; 12:259–271.
Article
84. Banchereau J, Palucka AK, Dhodapkar M, et al. Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res. 2001; 61:6451–6458.
85. Gabrilovich DI, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Bronte V. Coordinated regulation of myeloid cells by tumours. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012; 12:253–268.
Article
86. De Monte L, Reni M, Tassi E, et al. Intratumor T helper type 2 cell infiltrate correlates with cancer-associated fibroblast thymic stromal lymphopoietin production and reduced survival in pancreatic cancer. J Exp Med. 2011; 208:469–478.
Article
87. Palucka K, Banchereau J, Mellman I. Designing vaccines based on biology of human dendritic cell subsets. Immunity. 2010; 33:464–478.
Article
88. Bonaccorsi I, Pezzino G, Morandi B, Ferlazzo G. Novel perspectives on dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of cancer. Immunol Lett. 2013; 155:6–10.
Article
89. Cavallo F, Offringa R, van der Burg SH, Forni G, Melief CJ. Vaccination for treatment and prevention of cancer in animal models. Adv Immunol. 2006; 90:175–213.
Article
Full Text Links
  • CEVR
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr