Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci.
2017 Nov;15(4):369-381. 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.4.369.
Neurodevelopmental Changes in Social Reinforcement Processing: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
- Affiliations
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- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. soonjo.hwang@unmc.edu
- 2Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA.
- 3Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- 4Section on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- 5Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- KMID: 2396308
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2017.15.4.369
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
In the current study we investigated neurodevelopmental changes in response to social and non-social reinforcement.
METHODS
Fifty-three healthy participants including 16 early adolescents (age, 10-15 years), 16 late adolescents (age, 15-18 years), and 21 young adults (age, 21-25 years) completed a social/non-social reward learning task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants responded to fractal image stimuli and received social or non-social reward/non-rewards according to their accuracy. ANOVAs were conducted on both the blood oxygen level dependent response data and the product of a context-dependent psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis involving ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and bilateral insula cortices as seed regions.
RESULTS
Early adolescents showed significantly increased activation in the amygdala and anterior insula cortex in response to non-social monetary rewards relative to both social reward/non-reward and monetary non-rewards compared to late adolescents and young adults. In addition, early adolescents showed significantly more positive connectivity between the vmPFC/bilateral insula cortices seeds and other regions implicated in reinforcement processing (the amygdala, posterior cingulate cortex, insula cortex, and lentiform nucleus) in response to non-reward and especially social non-reward, compared to late adolescents and young adults.
CONCLUSION
It appears that early adolescence may be marked by: (i) a selective increase in responsiveness to non-social, relative to social, rewards; and (ii) enhanced, integrated functioning of reinforcement circuitry for non-reward, and in particular, with respect to posterior cingulate and insula cortices, for social non-reward.
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