Korean J Orthod.  2017 Jan;47(1):3-10. 10.4041/kjod.2017.47.1.3.

Incorporation of silver nanoparticles on the surface of orthodontic microimplants to achieve antimicrobial properties

• Venugopal
• Muthuchamy N
• Tejani H
• Gopalan AI
• Lee KP
• Lee HJ
• Kyung HM

• KMID: 2392191
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2017.47.1.3

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Microbial aggregation around dental implants can lead to loss/loosening of the implants. This study was aimed at surface treating titanium microimplants with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to achieve antibacterial properties.
METHODS
AgNP-modified titanium microimplants (Ti-nAg) were prepared using two methods. The first method involved coating the microimplants with regular AgNPs (Ti-AgNP) and the second involved coating them with a AgNP-coated biopolymer (Ti-BP-AgNP). The topologies, microstructures, and chemical compositions of the surfaces of the Ti-nAg were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Disk diffusion tests using Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were performed to test the antibacterial activity of the Ti-nAg microimplants.
RESULTS
SEM revealed that only a meager amount of AgNPs was sparsely deposited on the Ti-AgNP surface with the first method, while a layer of AgNP-coated biopolymer extended along the Ti-BP-AgNP surface in the second method. The diameters of the coated nanoparticles were in the range of 10 to 30 nm. EDS revealed 1.05 atomic % of Ag on the surface of the Ti-AgNP and an astounding 21.2 atomic % on the surface of the Ti-BP-AgNP. XPS confirmed the metallic state of silver on the Ti-BP-AgNP surface. After 24 hours of incubation, clear zones of inhibition were seen around the Ti-BP-AgNP microimplants in all three test bacterial culture plates, whereas no antibacterial effect was observed with the Ti-AgNP microimplants.
CONCLUSIONS
Titanium microimplants modified with Ti-BP-AgNP exhibit excellent antibacterial properties, making them a promising implantable biomaterial.

Keyword

Nanosilver; Microimplant; Antimicrobial

MeSH Terms

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Biopolymers
Dental Implants
Diffusion
Methods
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Nanoparticles*
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Silver*
Streptococcus
Streptococcus mutans
Titanium
Biopolymers
Dental Implants
Silver
Titanium

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Surface characterization of the Ti-nAg microimplants. scanning electron micrographs show Ti-AgNP surface at different magnifications. A, 30×; B, 500×; C, 1,000×; and D, 35,000×. And Ti-BP-AgNP surface at E, 30×; F, 500×; G, 12,000×; and H, 40,000× magnifications. Ti-AgNP, Microimplant coated with regular silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); Ti-BP-AgNP, microimplant coated with biopolymer-AgNP.

• 

  Figure 2 Energy-dispersive spectroscopy plots of the elements on the control, Ti-AgNP, and Ti-BP-AgNP microimplants. Ti-AgNP, Microimplant coated with regular silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); Ti-BP-AgNP, microimplant coated with biopolymer-AgNP.

• 

  Figure 3 Left: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of (a) control (no deposition) and (b) BP-AgNP-coated microimplants. Right: High-resolution XPS spectra of Ag 3d5/2 in the BP-AgNP coated microimplants. BP-AgNP, Biopolymer-silver nanoparticles.

• 

  Figure 4 Disk diffusion tests showing zone of inhibition for (A) Streptococcus mutans with the control microimplant; (B) S. mutans with Ti-AgNP; (C) S. mutans with Ti-BP-AgNP; (D) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcometans with the control microimplant; (E) A. actinomycetemcometans with Ti-AgNP; (F) A. actinomycetemcometans with Ti-BP-AgNP; (G) S. sanguinis with the control microimplant; (H) S. sanguinis with Ti-AgNP; and (I) S. sanguinis with Ti-BP-AgNP. ZOI, Zone of inhibition; Ti-AgNP, microimplant coated with regular silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); Ti-BP-AgNP, microimplant coated with biopolymer-AgNP.

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