Korean J Orthod.  2023 Jan;53(1):16-25. 10.4041/kjod22.091.

Evaluation of the cell viability and antimicrobial effects of orthodontic bands coated with silver or zinc oxide nanoparticles: An in vitro study

• Bahrami R
• Pourhajibagher M
• Badiei A
• Masaeli R
• Tanbakuchi B

• KMID: 2538710
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.091

Abstract

Objective
We aimed to evaluate the cell viability and antimicrobial effects of orthodontic bands coated with silver or zinc oxide nanoparticles (nanoAg and nano-ZnO, respectively).
Methods
In this experimental study, 30 orthodontic bands were divided into three groups (n = 10 each): control (uncoated band), Ag (silver-coated band), and ZnO (zinc oxide-coated band). The electrostatic spray-assisted vapor deposition method was used to coat orthodontic bands with nano-Ag or nano-ZnO. The biofilm inhibition test was used to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of nano-Ag and nano-ZnO against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. Biocompatibility tests were conducted using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The groups were compared using oneway analysis of variance with a post-hoc test.
Results
The Ag group showed a significantly higher reduction in the number of L. acidophilus, C. albicans, and S.mutans colonies than the ZnO group (p = 0.015, 0.003, and 0.005, respectively). Compared with the control group, the Ag group showed a 2-log ₁₀ reduction in all the microorganisms' replication ability, but only S. mutants showed a 2-log₁₀ reduction in replication ability in the ZnO group. The lowest mean cell viability was observed in the Ag group, but the difference between the groups was insignificant (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Coating orthodontic bands with nanoZnO or nano-Ag induced antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens. Among the nanoparticles, nano-Ag showed the best antimicrobial activity and nanoZnO showed the highest biocompatibility.

Keyword

Biocompatibility; Orthodontics; Microbiology; Biomaterial science

Figure

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  Figure 1 Cells after the addition of eluents but before 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. A, Uncontacted cells with the band. B, Contacted cells with the nano-Ag–coated band. C, Contacted cells with the nano-ZnO–coated band. D, Contacted cells with the uncoated band.

• 

  Figure 2 Characterization of synthesized Ag nanoparticles. A, Transmission electron microscopy image of Ag nanoparticles in optimal conditions (scale bar: 20 nm). B, Field emission scanning electron microscopy image of Ag nanoparticles in optimal conditions (scale bar: 200 nm). C, X-ray diffraction graph of Ag nanoparticles.

• 

  Figure 3 Characterization of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. A, Transmission electron microscopy image of ZnO nanoparticles in optimal conditions (scale bar: 20 nm). B, Field emission scanning electron microscopy image of ZnO nanoparticles in optimal conditions (scale bar: 200 nm). C, X-ray diffraction graph of ZnO nanoparticles.

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  Figure 4 Band surface coated with ZnO nanoparticles. A, Field emission scanning electron microscopy image. B, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. L, length. L1, L2 and L3 were randomly selected.

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  Figure 5 Band surface coated with Ag nanoparticles. A, Field emission scanning electron microscopy image. B, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. L, length. L1, L2 and L3 were randomly selected.

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  Figure 6 Colony count of the microorganisms for the three groups (colony forming units/mL). SE, standard error. *Significantly different with p < 0.05.

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  Figure 7 Mean cell viability in each group. A, Uncontacted cells with the band. B, Contacted cells with the nano-Ag–coated band. C, Contacted cells with the nano-ZnO–coated band. D, Contacted cells with the uncoated band. CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error.

• 

  Figure 8 Monolayer culture of the 10459 human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line was used for indirect contact assay. A, The control sample consists of a confluent layer of fibroblast cells. Most of the cells are spindle-shaped, which is considered normal. B, The band coated with Ag nanoparticles showed no change in cell morphology following contact with the 10459 HGF confluent layer. C, The 10459 HGF cells in contact with the band coated with ZnO nanoparticles also showed normal morphology. D, The 10459 HGF cells in contact with the uncoated band are spindle-shaped. A, Uncontacted cells with the band; B, Contacted cells with the nano-Ag–coated band; C, Contacted cells with nano-ZnO–coated band; and D, Contacted cells with the uncoated band.

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