J Korean Diabetes.  2016 Dec;17(4):238-245. 10.4093/jkd.2016.17.4.238.

Regular Evaluation for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

• Koo BK

• KMID: 2362980
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2016.17.4.238

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affecting multiple organ systems, and the optimal therapy for diabetic complications is prevention through identification of high-risk patients. Thus, regular evaluation of patient risk for related diseases as well as glucose control is crucial in the management of patients with diabetes. Regular evaluation for diabetic patients based on recent guidelines will be provided in this article.

Keyword

Diabetes complications; Diabetes mellitus; Glucose; Guideline

MeSH Terms

Chronic Disease
Diabetes Complications
Diabetes Mellitus*
Glucose
Humans
Glucose

Reference

References

1. Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Goland RS, Haller MJ, McGill JB, Rodriguez H, Simmons JH, Hirsch IB. T1D Exchange Clinic Network. Evidence of a strong association between frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in T1D exchange clinic registry participants. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36:2009–14.

2. Karter AJ, Ackerson LM, Darbinian JA, D'Agostino RB Jr, Ferrara A, Liu J, Selby JV. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and glycemic control: the Northern California kaiser permanente diabetes registry. Am J Med. 2001; 111:1–9.

3. Rosenstock J, Davies M, Home PD, Larsen J, Koenen C, Schernthaner G. A randomised, 52-week, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine when administered as add-on to glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008; 51:408–16.

4. Farmer A, Wade A, Goyder E, Yudkin P, French D, Craven A, Holman R, Kinmonth AL, Neil A. Impact of self monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with non-insulin treated diabetes: open parallel group randomised trial. BMJ. 2007; 335:132.

5. O'Kane MJ, Bunting B, Copeland M, Coates VE. ESMON Study Group. Efficacy of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (ESMON study): randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008; 336:1174–7.

6. Simon J, Gray A, Clarke P, Wade A, Neil A, Farmer A. Diabetes Glycaemic Education and Monitoring Trial Group. Cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes: economic evaluation of data from the DiGEM trial. BMJ. 2008; 336:1177–80.

7. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Schikman CH, Hinnen DA, Parkin CG, Jelsovsky Z, Petersen B, Schweitzer M, Wagner RS. Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: results from the structured testing program study. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:262–7.

8. Korean Diabetes Association. Treatment guideline for diabetes. Seoul: Gold' Planning and Development;2015.

9. Hommel E, Olsen B, Battelino T, Conget I, Schütz-Fuhrmann I, Hoogma R, Schierloh U, Sulli N, Gough H, Castañeda J, de Portu S, Bolinder J. SWITCH Study Group. Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and use of medical care resources: analyses from the SWITCH study. Acta Diabetol. 2014; 51:845–51.

10. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group. Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase HP, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Hirsch IB, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Laffel L, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer S, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D. Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359:1464–76.

11. Wong JC, Foster NC, Maahs DM, Raghinaru D, Bergenstal RM, Ahmann AJ, Peters AL, Bode BW, Aleppo G, Hirsch IB, Kleis L, Chase HP, DuBose SN, Miller KM, Beck RW, Adi S. T1D Exchange Clinic Network. Realtime continuous glucose monitoring among participants in the T1D exchange clinic registry. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37:2702–9.

12. Yeh HC, Brown TT, Maruthur N, Ranasinghe P, Berger Z, Suh YD, Wilson LM, Haberl EB, Brick J, Bass EB, Golden SH. Comparative effectiveness and safety of methods of insulin delivery and glucose monitoring for diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157:336–47.

13. Bergenstal RM, Klonoff DC, Garg SK, Bode BW, Meredith M, Slover RH, Ahmann AJ, Welsh JB, Lee SW, Kaufman FR. ASPIRE In-Home Study Group. Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:224–32.

14. Rohlfing C, Wiedmeyer HM, Little R, Grotz VL, Tennill A, England J, Madsen R, Goldstein D. Biological variation of glycohemoglobin. Clin Chem. 2002; 48:1116–8.

15. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2016. Diabetes Care. 2016; 39(Suppl 1):S4–5.

16. Arasteh A, Farahi S, Habibi-Rezaei M, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Glycated albumin: an overview of the in vitro models of an in vivo potential disease marker. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014; 13:49.

17. Lee EY, Lee BW, Kim D, Lee YH, Kim KJ, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee EJ, Lee HC. Glycated albumin is a useful glycation index for monitoring fluctuating and poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol. 2011; 48:167–72.

18. Nouya AY, Nansseu JR, Moor VJ, Pieme CA, Noubiap JJ, Tchoula CM, Mokette BM, Takam RD, Tankeu F, Ngogang JY, Kengne AP. Determinants of fructosamine levels in a multi-ethnic Sub-Saharan African population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015; 107:123–9.

19. Roper NA, Bilous RW, Kelly WF, Unwin NC, Connolly VM. South Tees Diabetes Mortality Study. Cause-specific mortality in a population with diabetes: South tees diabetes mortality study. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25:43–8.

20. McEwen LN, Karter AJ, Curb JD, Marrero DG, Crosson JC, Herman WH. Temporal trends in recording of diabetes on death certificates: results from Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD). Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:1529–33.

21. Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, Cowie C, Garfield S, Geiss L, Barker L. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the national health interview survey. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35:1252–7.

22. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998; 352:837–53.

23. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998; 352:854–65.

24. Zoungas S, de Galan BE, Ninomiya T, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Heller S, MacMahon S, Marre M, Neal B, Patel A, Woodward M, Chalmers J. ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Cass A, Glasziou P, Harrap S, Lisheng L, Mancia G, Pillai A, Poulter N, Perkovic V, Travert F. Combined effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: new results from the ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32:2068–74.

25. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358:580–91.

26. Wackers FJ, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, Wittlin SD, Heller GV, Filipchuk N, Engel S, Ratner RE, Iskandrian AE. Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics Investigators. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27:1954–61.

27. BARI 2D Study Group. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, Hardison RM, Kelsey SF, MacGregor JM, Orchard TJ, Chaitman BR, Genuth SM, Goldberg SH, Hlatky MA, Jones TL, Molitch ME, Nesto RW, Sako EY, Sobel BE. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:2503–15.

28. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004; 43:S1–290.

29. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, Keech A, Simes J, Peto R, Armitage J, Baigent C. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a metaanalysis. Lancet. 2008; 371:117–25.

30. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, Charlton-Menys V, Fuller JH. CARDS investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 364:685–96.

31. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Watson K, Wilson PW. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63:2889–934.

32. Committee for the Korean Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia. 2015 Korean guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia: executive summary (English Translation). Korean Circ J. 2016; 46:275–306.

33. Raff GL, Abidov A, Achenbach S, Berman DS, Boxt LM, Budoff MJ, Cheng V, DeFrance T, Hellinger JC, Karlsberg RP. Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. SCCT guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of coronary computed tomographic angiography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2009; 3:122–36.

34. Gerson MC, Khoury JC, Hertzberg VS, Fischer EE, Scott RC. Prediction of coronary artery disease in a population of insulin-requiring diabetic patients: results of an 8-year follow-up study. Am Heart J. 1988; 116:820–6.

35. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2013. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(Suppl 1):S11–66.

36. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D. American Diabetes Association. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:956–62.

37. American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:3333–41.