J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc.  2000 Jul;39(4):737-746.

The Relationship between Tardive Dyskinesia and both Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Chronic Schizophrenic In-patients

• Shim JC
• Pan CS
• Sung KS
• Rhee CG
• Chung DO
• Jung C
• Yoon JS
• Kim YH

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of present study was to determine the prevalence rate of tardive dyskinesia and to search for its risk factors in chronically institutionalized schizophrenic subjects. We also examined the relationship between tardive dyskinesia and both negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in the same subjects.
METHODS
Subjects were 271 in-patients (174 males, 97 females) at Masan Dongsuh Hospital. They met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and had been taking fixed doses of antipsychotics for at least 3 months. Tardive dyskinesia was assessed by Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Cases of tardive dyskinesia were ascertained by the criteria of Schooler and Kane (1982) and DSM-IV. The rating of psychopathology was acquired using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS) and the assessment of cognitive function using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
RESULTS
The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia is 50.9% and the frequency of tardive dyskinesia was high est in male above the age of fifty. But there was no statistically significant relationship between the frequency of tardive dyskinesia and both the length of hospitalization and the daily dose of antipsychotics. The frequency order of abnormal movement in the patients with tardive dyskinesia was as follows: tongue, upper extremities, lips and perioral area. We couldn't find any significant difference in the total and subscale scores of BPRS between the groups with and without tardive dyskinesia. There were no differences in MMSE scores between the groups with and without tardive dyskinesia.
CONCLUSION
This study gave us that the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia was high in chronically institutionalized schizophrenic inpatients and that age was the most significant risk factor of tardive dyskinesia. The relationship between tardive dyskinesia and both negative symptoms and cognitive impairment, however, was not revealed.

Keyword

Schizophrenia; Tardive dyskinesia; Prevalence; Risk factor; Negative symptom; Cognitive function

MeSH Terms

Antipsychotic Agents
Appointments and Schedules
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Dyskinesias
Hospitalization
Humans
Inpatients
Lip
Male
Movement Disorders*
Prevalence
Psychopathology
Risk Factors
Schizophrenia
Tongue
Upper Extremity
Antipsychotic Agents