1. Ravindra VM, Senglaub SS, Rattani A, Dewan MC, Härtl R, Bisson E, et al. Degenerative lumbar spine disease: estimating global incidence and worldwide volume. Global Spine J. 2018; 8:784–94.
2. Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, et al. A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64:2028–37.
3. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Fellows B, Bakhit CE. Prevalence of lumbar facet joint pain in chronic low back pain. Pain Physician. 1999; 2:59–64.
4. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Pampati V, Damron KS, Beyer CD. Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004; 5:15.
5. De Souza IMB, Sakaguchi TF, Yuan SLK, Matsutani LA, De Sousa do Espírito-Santo A, De Bragança Pereira CA, et al. Prevalence of low back pain in the elderly population: a systematic review. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2019; 74:e789.
6. Manchikanti L, Sanapati MR, Pampati V, Boswell MV, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Update on reversal and decline of growth of utilization of interventional techniques in managing chronic pain in the Medicare population from 2000 to 2018. Pain Physician. 2019; 22:521–36.
7. Cohen SP, Bicket MC, Jamison D, Wilkinson I, Rathmell JP. Epidural steroids: a comprehensive, evidence-based review. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013; 38:175–200.
8. Stout A. Epidural steroid injections for low back pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010; 21:825–34.
9. Lee CS, Park YJ, Moon JY, Kim YC. Deep spinal infection after outpatient epidural injections for pain: a retrospective sample cohort study using a claims database in South Korea. Anesthesiology. 2021; 134:925–36.
10. McCormick ZL, Hooten M. Regenerative medicine: ushering in a new era in pain medicine. Pain Med. 2019; 20:1459–60.
11. Laudy AB, Bakker EW, Rekers M, Moen MH. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections in osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015; 49:657–72.
12. Liddle AD, Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2015; 43:2583–90.
13. Wang F, Cheung CW, Wong SSC. Regenerative medicine for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a narrative review. J Int Med Res. 2023; 51:3000605231155777.
14. Desai MJ, Mansfield JT, Robinson DM, Miller BC, Borg-Stein J. Regenerative medicine for axial and radicular spine-related pain: a narrative review. Pain Pract. 2020; 20:437–53.
15. Maloney J, Strand N, Wie C, Pew S, Dawodu A, Dunn T, et al. Current review of regenerative medicine therapies for spine-related pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2023; doi:
10.1007/s11916-023-01194-3.
16. Piuzzi NS, Chahla J, Jiandong H, Chughtai M, LaPrade RF, Mont MA, et al. Analysis of cell therapies used in clinical trials for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a systematic review of the literature. J Arthroplasty. 2017; 32:2612–8.
17. Buckwalter JA. Aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995; 20:1307–14.
18. Niosi CA, Oxland TR. Degenerative mechanics of the lumbar spine. Spine J. 2004; 4(6 Suppl):202S–8.
19. Galbusera F, Van Rijsbergen M, Ito K, Huyghe JM, Brayda-Bruno M, Wilke HJ. Ageing and degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc and their impact on spinal flexibility. Eur Spine J. 2014; 23 Suppl 3:S324–32.
20. Duance VC, Crean JK, Sims TJ, Avery N, Smith S, Menage J, et al. Changes in collagen cross-linking in degenerative disc disease and scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998; 23:2545–51.
21. Roughley PJ. Biology of intervertebral disc aging and degeneration: involvement of the extracellular matrix. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004; 29:2691–9.
22. Antoniou J, Steffen T, Nelson F, Winterbottom N, Hollander AP, Poole RA, et al. The human lumbar intervertebral disc: evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, ageing, and degeneration. J Clin Invest. 1996; 98:996–1003.
23. Boos N, Weissbach S, Rohrbach H, Weiler C, Spratt KF, Nerlich AG. Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo Award in basic science. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002; 27:2631–44.
24. Wilke HJ, Rohlmann F, Neidlinger-Wilke C, Werner K, Claes L, Kettler A. Validity and interobserver agreement of a new radiographic grading system for intervertebral disc degeneration: Part I. Lumbar spine. Eur Spine J. 2006; 15:720–30.
25. Martin MD, Boxell CM, Malone DG. Pathophysiology of lumbar disc degeneration: a review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2002; 13:E1.
26. Richardson SM, Kalamegam G, Pushparaj PN, Matta C, Memic A, Khademhosseini A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine: focus on articular cartilage and intervertebral disc regeneration. Methods. 2016; 99:69–80.
27. Smith M, Segal NA. State of regenerative medicine in musculoskeletal rehabilitation practice. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2016; 4:19–27.
28. Long D, Liang S, Liu H, Wu X, Li Z, Wang H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell in the intervertebral disc. Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Isolation, Characterization and Applications. In : Van Pham P, editor. Rijeka: BoD–Books on Demand;2017. p. 267–71.
29. Esquijarosa Hechavarria M, Richard SA. Edifying the focal factors influencing mesenchymal stem cells by the microenvironment of intervertebral disc degeneration in low back pain. Pain Res Manag. 2022; 2022:6235400.
30. Vadalà G, Sowa G, Hubert M, Gilbertson LG, Denaro V, Kang JD. Mesenchymal stem cells injection in degenerated intervertebral disc: cell leakage may induce osteophyte formation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012; 6:348–55.
31. Li YY, Diao HJ, Chik TK, Chow CT, An XM, Leung V, et al. Delivering mesenchymal stem cells in collagen microsphere carriers to rabbit degenerative disc: reduced risk of osteophyte formation. Tissue Eng Part A. 2014; 20:1379–91.
32. Atluri S, Muy MB, Dregalla R, Herrera J, Boachie-Adjei K, Bhati S, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of chronic low back pain due to severe lumbar spinal degeneration: a 12-month, open-label, prospective controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2022; 25:193–207.
33. Frauchiger DA, Heeb SR, May RD, Wöltje M, Benneker LM, Gantenbein B. Differentiation of MSC and annulus fibrosus cells on genetically engineered silk fleece‐membrane‐composites enriched for GDF‐6 or TGF‐β3. J Orthop Res. 2018; 36:1324–33.
34. Sobajima S, Vadala G, Shimer A, Kim JS, Gilbertson LG, Kang JD. Feasibility of a stem cell therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J. 2008; 8:888–96.
35. Malhotra A, Pelletier MH, Yu Y, Walsh WR. Can platelet-rich plasma (PRP) improve bone healing? A comparison between the theory and experimental outcomes. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013; 133:153–65.
36. Akeda K, Yamada J, Linn ET, Sudo A, Masuda K. Platelet-rich plasma in the management of chronic low back pain: a critical review. J Pain Res. 2019; 12:753–67.
37. Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, Gerhardt MB, Rodeo SA. Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med. 2009; 37:2259–72.
38. Lee JW, Kwon OH, Kim TK, Cho YK, Choi KY, Chung HY, et al. Platelet-rich plasma: quantitative assessment of growth factor levels and comparative analysis of activated and inactivated groups. Arch Plast Surg. 2013; 40:530–5.
39. Akeda K, Imanishi T, Ohishi K, Masuda K, Uchida A, Sakakibara T, et al. Intradiscal injection of autologous serum isolated from platelet‐rich‐plasma for the treatment of discogenic low back pain: preliminary prospective clinical trial: GP141. Spine: Affiliated Society Meeting Abstracts;2011.
40. Won SJ, Kim DY, Kim JM. Effect of platelet-rich plasma injections for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022; 101:e28935.
41. Favoni RE, De Cupis A. The role of polypeptide growth factors in human carcinomas: new targets for a novel pharmacological approach. Pharmacol Rev. 2000; 52:179–206.
42. Masuda K, Oegema Jr TR, An HS. Growth factors and treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004; 29:2757–69.
43. Dowdell J, Erwin M, Choma T, Vaccaro A, Iatridis J, Cho SK. Intervertebral disk degeneration and repair. Neurosurgery. 2017; 80:S46–54.
44. Hodgkinson T, Shen B, Diwan A, Hoyland JA, Richardson SM. Therapeutic potential of growth differentiation factors in the treatment of degenerative disc diseases. JOR Spine. 2019; 2:e1045.
45. Peeters M, Detiger SEL, Karfeld-Sulzer LS, Smit TH, Yayon A, Weber FE, et al. BMP-2 and BMP-2/7 heterodimers conjugated to a fibrin/hyaluronic acid hydrogel in a large animal model of mild intervertebral disc degeneration. Biores Open Access. 2015; 4:398–406.
46. Ekram S, Khalid S, Salim A, Khan I. Regulating the fate of stem cells for regenerating the intervertebral disc degeneration. World J Stem Cells. 2021; 13:1881–1904.
47. Mahyudin F, Prakoeswa CRS, Notobroto HB, Tinduh D, Ausrin R, Rantam FA, et al. An update of current therapeutic approach for intervertebral disc degeneration: a review article. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022; 77:103619.
48. Dagenais S, Yelland MJ, Del Mar C, Schoene ML. Prolotherapy injections for chronic low‐back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; 2007:CD004059.
49. Klein RG, Eek BC, DeLong WB, Mooney V. A randomized double-blind trial of dextrose-glycerine-phenol injections for chronic, low back pain. J Spinal Disord. 1993; 6:23–33.
50. Dechow E, Davies R, Carr A, Thompson PW. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sclerosing injections in patients with chronic low back pain. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999; 38:1255–9.
51. Ongley MJ, Klein RG, Dorman TA, Eek BC, Hubert LJ. A new approach to the treatment of chronic low back pain. Lancet. 1987; 2:143–6.
52. Tolbert G, Roy D, Walker V. Ultrasound guided dextrose prolotherapy and platelet rich plasma therapy in chronic low back pain: three case reports. Int J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013; 1:6.
53. Kim J, Cheun H, Jeong J, Lee HJ. Bibliometric analysis of research articles on post-herpetic neuralgia published from 1991 to 2020. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023; 102:e32967.
54. Kim J, Jun K, Park S, Lee SW. Bibliometric analysis of research articles on virtual reality in the field of pain medicine published from 1993 to 2022. J Pain Res. 2023; 16:3881–93.
55. Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Guo S, Feng B, Zhao X, Wang X, et al. Bibliometric analysis of research articles on pain in the elderly published from 2000 to 2019. J Pain Res. 2021; 14:1007–25.
56. Wu J, Du Z, Yang L, Zhang J, Xiong W, Wang R, et al. A new technique for the treatment of lumbar facet joint syndrome using intra-articular injection with autologous platelet rich plasma. Pain Physician. 2016; 19:617–25.
57. Jain D, Goyal T, Verma N, Paswan AK, Dubey RK. Intradiscal platelet-rich plasma injection for discogenic low back pain and correlation with platelet concentration: a prospective clinical trial. Pain Med. 2020; 21:2719–25.
58. Kirchner F, Milani I, Martinez A, Kirchner-Bossi N, Prado R, Padilla S, et al. Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in the treatment of cervical and lumbar back pain: a retrospective observational clinical study. Pain Physician. 2021; 24:E649–60.
59. Zielinski MA, Evans NE, Bae H, Kamrava E, Calodney A, Remley K, et al. Safety and efficacy of platelet rich plasma for treatment of lumbar discogenic pain: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study. Pain Physician. 2022; 25:29–34.
60. Akeda K, Fujiwara T, Takegami N, Yamada J, Sudo A. Retrospective analysis of factors associated with the treatment outcomes of intradiscal platelet-rich plasma-releasate injection therapy for patients with discogenic low back pain. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023; 59:640.
61. Rothoerl R, Tomelden J, Alt EU. Safety and efficacy of autologous stem cell treatment for facetogenic chronic back pain. J Pers Med. 2023; 13:436.
62. Singh C, Yadav S, Loha S, Prakash S, Paswan AK. Comparison of intra-articular lumbar facet joint injection of platelet-rich plasma and steroid in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a prospective study. J Orthop. 2023; 30:180–7.
63. Sakai Y, Matsui H, Ito S, Hida T, Ito K, Koshimizu H, et al. Sarcopenia in elderly patients with chronic low back pain. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2017; 3:195–200.
64. Lynn A, Yannas I, Bonfield W. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of collagen. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2004; 71:343–54.
65. Seong H, Kim RK, Shin Y, Lee HW, Koh JC. Application of purified porcine collagen in patients with chronic refractory musculoskeletal pain. Korean J Pain. 2020; 33:395–9.
66. Park HJ, Hur JW, Hong JT, Lee SH, Koo KB, Kim DH. A clinical pilot study showing the safety and efficacy of intramuscular injection of atelocollagen for prevention of paraspinal muscle atrophy after spine surgery. J Minim Invasive Spine Surg Technique. 2022; 7:251–8.
67. Kim TK, Gil HY. Effects of paraspinal intramuscular injection of atelocollagen in patients with chronic low back pain: a retrospective observational study. J Clin Med. 2024; 13:2607.
68. Kin S, Hagiwara A, Nakase Y, Kuriu Y, Nakashima S, Yoshikawa T, et al. Regeneration of skeletal muscle using in situ tissue engineering on an acellular collagen sponge scaffold in a rabbit model. ASAIO J. 2007; 53:506–13.
69. Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M, Duda-Sobczak A, Corbo A, Matthews-Brzozowska T. Atelocollagen application in human periodontal tissue treatment-a pilot study. Life (Basel). 2020; 10:114.