Int J Stem Cells.  2024 Nov;17(4):381-396. 10.15283/ijsc23108.

Exosomes Reshape the Osteoarthritic Defect: Emerging Potential in Regenerative Medicine–A Review

• Sankaranarayanan J
• Lee SC
• Kim HK
• Kang JY
• Kuppa SS
• Seon JK

• KMID: 2562358
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.15283/ijsc23108

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disorder caused by wear and tear of the cartilage that cushions the joints. It is a progressive condition that can cause significant pain and disability. Currently, there is no cure for OA, though there are treatments available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. A chondral defect is a common and devastating lesion that is challenging to treat due to its avascular and aneural nature. However, there are conventional therapies available, ranging from microfracture to cell-based therapy. Anyhow, its efficiency in cartilage defects is limited due to unclear cell viability. Exosomes have emerged as a potent therapeutic tool for chondral defects because they are a complicated complex containing cargo of proteins, DNA, and RNA as well as the ability to target cells due to their phospholipidic composition and the altering exosomal contents that boost regeneration potential. Exosomes are used in a variety of applications, including tissue healing and anti-inflammatory therapy. As in recent years, biomaterialsbased bio fabrication has gained popularity among the many printable polymer-based hydrogels, tissue-specific decellularized extracellular matrix might boost the effects rather than an extracellular matrix imitating environment, a short note has been discussed. Exosomes are believed to be the greatest alternative option for current cell-based therapy, and future progress in exosome-based therapy could have a greater influence in the field of orthopaedics. The review focuses extensively on the insights of exosome use and scientific breakthroughs centered OA.

Keyword

Cartilage associated defects; Exosomes; Osteoarthritis; Extracellular matrix; Three dimensional bioprinting; Regenerative medicine

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. Schematic representation of the biogenesis of exosomes starts with double invagination of the plasma membrane. Further, formation of multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) and followed by the exocytosis. Exosome secretion and composition (endosomal sorting complex required for transport [ESCRT] dependent). MVBs arise as buds from the plasma membrane during inflammatory and hypoxic circumstances. Apoptotic blebs are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in response to increased cell contraction and hydrostatic pressure. Only during planned cell death are apoptotic bodies released. Exomeres are newly found EVs with unknown biological functions and biogenesis. Migrasomes are oval-shaped EVs that are generated during cell migration. Oncosomes are big and tiny EVs produced from the membrane that are discharged by cancer cells. They have a distinct signature from the tumor cells from which they are released.

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  Fig. 2 Application of exosomes. Schematic representation of the potential applications of exosomes in wound healing, chondral defect repair, anticancer drug delivery. Exosomes can be loaded with endogenous cargos or intentionally changed molecules in a variety of ways, and many exosome delivery routes for treatment have been developed. Exosomes, on the other hand, require targeted tactics to boost medication efficacy. Exosomes generated from stem cells have been discovered to offer therapeutic promise for a wide range of injuries and disorders, including bone regeneration and wound repair.

Reference

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