Restor Dent Endod.  2024 Aug;49(3):e27. 10.5395/rde.2024.49.e27.

Development of whitening mouth rinses formulated with mushroom residues and their effect on enamel’s physical properties

• Silva JAd
• Brito DAdCd
• Lima DANL
• Bicas JL
• Leonardi GR

• KMID: 2559740
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e27

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to develop whitening mouth rinses formulated with industrial mushrooms and compare them with over-the-counter whitening mouth rinses.
Materials and Methods
Formulations with black shimeji mushrooms, mushroom substrates, and mushroom stalks were developed. Bovine enamel/dentin samples were divided into 7 groups (n = 10): Colgate Luminous White, Listerine Whitening Extreme (LWE), Listerine Cool Mint (LC), mushroom extract rinse (MEC), mushroom substrate rinse (MSB), mushroom stalk rinse (MTC), and artificial saliva. Samples were stained with black tea for 6 days, and then were immersed in 100 mL of each mouth rinse twice daily for 14 days. Color parameters (CIELAB [ΔE*], CIEDE2000 [ΔE₀₀ ], whiteness index for dentistry [ΔWI_D ]) and microhardness (Knoop hardness number [KHN]) were analyzed at T 1 (initial), T 2 (24 hours), and T 3 (7 days). Mouth rinse pH was measured, and enamel was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models, and KHN with the generalized linear mixed model for repeated measures (p ≤ 0.05).
Results
ΔE* was higher in LW and MSB groups. No significant differences were found for ΔE₀₀ (p = 0.0982) and ΔWI_D (p = 0.2536). Experimental mouth rinses did not promote enamel whitening based on ΔE₀₀ and ΔWI_D . LWE and LC reduced KHN and had a more acidic pH, while MEC had higher KHN at T2. MEC, MSB, and MTC had alkaline pH, not altering the tooth surface.
Conclusions
Black shimeji mushrooms are promising for mouth rinse development due to their alkaline pH and non-altering effect on surface microhardness.

Keyword

Hydrogen peroxide; Over-the-counter drug; Pleurotus ostreatus; Tooth whitening

Figure

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  Figure 1 Representation of the parts of the mushrooms used in the development of 3 mouth rinses (black shimeji mushrooms; black shimeji mushrooms stalks; black shimeji mushrooms substrate), followed by the rinsing protocol and storage in artificial saliva.

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  Figure 2 Representative scanning electron microscopy images ×4,000, 5 μm. Arrows point to irregularities or pores on enamel surface after mouth rinse treatment. (A) 2% hydrogen peroxide, pyrophosphates and 225 ppm sodium fluoride (Colgate Luminous White). (B) 1.5% hydrogen peroxide, Listerine Whitening Extreme. (C) Alcohol/ethyl alcohol, Eucalyptol-Listerine Cool Mint (LC). (D) Mushroom extract rinse. (E) Mushroom substrate rinse. (F) Mushroom stalk rinse. (G) Artificial saliva, 14 days storage (control).

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