Diabetes Metab J.  2024 Sep;48(5):821-836. 10.4093/dmj.2024.0382.

Systems Biology of Human Microbiome for the Prediction of Personal Glycaemic Response

• Kirtipal N
• Seo Y
• Son J
• Lee S

• KMID: 2558994
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0382

Abstract

The human gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a pivotal factor in diabetes management, playing a significant role in the body’s response to treatment. However, it is important to understand that long-term usage of medicines like metformin and other diabetic treatments can result in problems, gastrointestinal discomfort, and dysbiosis of the gut flora. Advanced sequencing technologies have improved our understanding of the gut microbiome’s role in diabetes, uncovering complex interactions between microbial composition and metabolic health. We explore how the gut microbiota affects glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity by examining a variety of -omics data, including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics. Machine learning algorithms and genome-scale modeling are now being applied to find microbiological biomarkers associated with diabetes risk, predicted disease progression, and guide customized therapy. This study holds promise for specialized diabetic therapy. Despite significant advances, some concerns remain unanswered, including understanding the complex relationship between diabetes etiology and gut microbiota, as well as developing user-friendly technological innovations. This mini-review explores the relationship between multiomics, precision medicine, and machine learning to improve our understanding of the gut microbiome’s function in diabetes. In the era of precision medicine, the ultimate goal is to improve patient outcomes through personalized treatments.

Keyword

Artificial intelligence; Diabetes mellitus; Microbiota; Multiomics; Systems biology

Figure

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  Fig. 1. Functions of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota contributes to the synthesis of secondary bile acids (BAs) and protein breakdown, metabolizes xenobiotics, produces water-soluble vitamins, regulates inflammation and immune responses, and supports the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Regulation of energy metabolism by the gut microbiota, through metabolites, is a key to predict and modulate glycaemic responses, preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; GLP-1, glucagonlike peptide 1; PYY, peptide YY; NFIL-3, nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated; IgA, immunoglobulin A.

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  Fig. 2. An outline for the application of multiomics of host & microbiome and artificial intelligence (AI) prediction models in precision medicine. PPGR, postprandial glycaemic response.

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