Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.  2023 Dec;28(4):267-274. 10.6065/apem.2346146.073.

Association of birth weight with risk of diabetes mellitus in adolescence and early adulthood: analysis of the Indonesian Family Life Survey

• Sartika RAD
• Sigit FS
• Purwanto E
• Aris N
• Marjan AQ
• Putra WKY
• Hastono SP

• KMID: 2549319
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2346146.073

Abstract

Purpose
We aimed to investigate the association of birth weight with the risk of diabetes mellitus in adolescence and early adulthood in the Indonesian population.
Methods
This study analyzed data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a longitudinal study of the Indonesian population with repeated measurements at 3 time points (1997, 2007, and 2014). The subjects observed were children aged 0–59 months in 1997, who were 10–15 years old in 2007, and 17–22 years in 2014. We performed a generalized linear model to investigate the association between birth weight at baseline and the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at the 2 follow-up periods. We adjusted the association for the characteristics of the children, parents, and household.
Results
The mean±standard deviation level of HbA1c was 7.35%±0.95% in 2007 and decreased to 5.30%±0.85% in 2014. The crude β (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the association between birth weight and HbA1c was 0.150 (-0.076, 0.377) in 2007 and 0.146 (-0.060, 0.351) in 2014. After adjustment for the sociodemographic characteristics of the children, parents, and confounding factors, the adjusted β (95% CI) was 1.12 (0.40–1.85) in 2007 and 0.92 (0.35–1.48) in 2014. The HbA1c of the parents, father’s employment status, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight were the covariates that had significant associations with HbA1c.
Conclusion
HbA1c level was higher in adolescence than in early adulthood. Birth weight was associated with HbA1c level in both periods. The HbA1c of the parents, father’s employment, percentage of food expenditure, and underweight partly explained the association between birth weight and the HbA1c level.

Keyword

Birth weight; Diabetes mellitus; Adolescence; Early adulthood; Hemo globin A1c; Cohort

Reference

References

1. National Institute for Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. Laporan Nasional RISKESDAS 2018 [Internet]. Jakarta (Indonesia): NIHRD;2018. [cited 2023 May 23]. Available from: http://labdata.litbang.kemkes.go.id/images/download/laporan/RKD/2018/L aporan_Nasional_RKD2018_FINAL.pdf.

2. National Institute for Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. Laporan Nasional RISKESDAS 2013 [Internet]. Jakarta (Indonesia): NIHRD;2013. [cited 2023 May 23]. Available from: http://labdata.litbang.kemkes.go.id/images/download/laporan/RKD/2013/Laporan_riskesdas_2013_final.pdf.

3. Yokoyama M, Saito I, Ueno M, Kato H, Yoshida A, Kawamura R, et al. Low birthweight is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese adults: The Toon Health Study. J Diabetes Investig. 2020; 11:1643–50.

4. Tian JY, Cheng Q, Song XM, Li G, Jiang GX, Gu YY, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity and hypertension among Chinese adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 155:601–7.

5. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014; 38(Supplement_1):S8–16.

6. Hikmat P, Bandiara R, Usman S, Susandi E, Diana A, Arifin A, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance among adolescents with low birth weight history: The Tanjungsari Cohort Study in Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2020; 29:120–6.

7. Frankenberg E, Thomas D. The Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS): study design and results from waves 1 and 2. Santa Monica (CA): RAND;2000.

8. John Strauss, Kathleen Beegle, Bondan Sikoki, Agus Dwiyanto, Yulia Herawati, Firman Witoelar. User’s guide for the Indonesia Family Life Survey, wave 3. Santa Monica (CA): RAND;2004.

9. World Health Organization. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Abbreviated Report of a WHO Consultation [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization;2011. [cited 2023 May 4]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70523/WHO_NMH_CHP_CPM_11.1_eng.pdf.

10. World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization;2000.

11. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009; 120:1640–5.

12. De Lucia Rolfe E, de França GVA, Vianna CA, Gigante DP, Miranda JJ, Yudkin JS, et al. Associations of stunting in early childhood with cardiometabolic risk factors in adulthood. PLoS One. 2018; 13:e0192196.

13. Grillo LP, Gigante DP. Evidence for the association between early childhood stunting and metabolic syndrome. Preedy V, Patel VB. Handbook of famine, starvation, and nutrient deprivation: from biology to policy [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing;2017. [cited 2023 May 4]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_31-1.

14. Koncz V, Geldsetzer P, Manne-Goehler J, Wendt AS, Teufel F, Subramanian SV, et al. Shorter height is associated with diabetes in women but not in men: nationally representative evidence from Namibia. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019; 27:505–12.

15. Miller KM, Beck RW, Foster NC, Maahs DM. HbA1c levels in type 1 diabetes from early childhood to older adults: a deeper dive into the influence of technology and socioeconomic status on HbA1c in the T1D exchange clinic registry findings. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020; 22:645–50.

16. Clements MA, Foster NC, Maahs DM, Schatz DA, Olson BA, Tsalikian E, et al. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) changes over time among adolescent and young adult participants in the T1D exchange clinic registry. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016; 17:327–36.

17. Jon Edqvist, Araz Rawshani, Aidin Rawshani, Martin Adiels, Stefan Franzén, Lena Bjorck, et al. Trajectories in HbA1c and other risk factors among adults with type 1 diabetes by age at onset. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2021; 9:e002187.

18. Hagger V, Hendrieckx C, Cameron F, Pouwer F, Skinner TC, Speight J. Diabetes distress is more strongly associated with HbA1c than depressive symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results from Diabetes MILES Youth-Australia. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018; 19:840–7.

19. Seo JY, Hwang S sik, Kim JH, Lee YA, Lee SY, Shin CH, et al. Distribution of glycated haemoglobin and its determinants in Korean youth and young adults: a nationwide population-based study. Sci Rep. 2018; 8:1962.

20. Kelsey MM, Severn C, Hilkin AM, Pyle L, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS. Puberty is associated with a rising hemoglobin A1c, even in youth with normal weight. J Pediatr. 2021; 230:244–7.

21. Martín-Calvo N, Goni L, Tur JA, Martínez JA. Low birth weight and small for gestational age are associated with complications of childhood and adolescence obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2022; 23 Suppl 1:e13380.

22. Prinz N, Putri RR, Reinehr T, Danielsson P, Weghuber D, Norman M, et al. The association between perinatal factors and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a retrospective two-cohort study. PLoS Med. 2023; 20:e1004165.

23. Sun D, Wang T, Heianza Y, Huang T, Shang X, Lv J, et al. Birthweight and cardiometabolic risk patterns in multiracial children. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018; 42:20–7.

24. Taiwo EO, Thanni LO, Taiwo OP. Patterns of HbA1c levels in normoglycemic offspring of T2 diabetes mellitus patients. Hosp Pract Res. 2022; 7:46–9.

25. Archinkova M, Konstantinova M, Savova R, Iotova V, Petrova C, Kaleva N, et al. Glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus among Bulgarian children and adolescents: the results from the first and the second national examination of HbA1c. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2017; 31:1198–203.

26. Bijlsma-Rutte A, Rutters F, Elders PJM, Bot SDM, Nijpels G. Socio-economic status and HbA(1c) in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018; 34:e3008.

27. Kiess W, Galler A, Schmidt A, Nietzschmann U, Neu A, Raile K, et al. Fathers of children with diabetes mellitus and their role in coping strategies in the family. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 14 Suppl 1:639–43.

28. Al-Agha MA, Majdi WM, Aljefri HM, Ali MA, Al-Agha AE, Abd-Elhameed IA, et al. Effect of parents’ educational level and occupational status on child glycemic control. J Pat Care. 2017; 3:1000130.

29. Kim SH, Lee SY, Kim CW, Suh YJ, Hong S, Ahn SH, et al. Impact of socioeconomic status on health behaviors, metabolic control, and chronic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2018; 42:380–93.

30. French SA, Wall M, Mitchell NR. Household income differences in food sources and food items purchased. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010; 7:77.

31. Krishnan S, Coogan PF, Boggs DA, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR. Consumption of restaurant foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes in African American women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91:465–71.

32. Sørensen KK, Nielsen EP, Møller AL, Andersen MP, Møller FT, Melbye M, et al. Food purchases in households with and without diabetes based on consumer purchase data. Prim Care Diabetes. 2022; 16:574–80.

33. Affan ET, Praveen D, Chow CK, Neal BC. Comparability of HbA1c and lipids measured with dried blood spot versus venous samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Clin Pathol. 2014; 14:21.

34. Elliott TG, Dooley KC, Zhang M, Campbell HSD, Thompson DJS. Comparison of glycated hemoglobin results based on at-home and in-lab dried blood spot sampling to routine venous blood sampling in-lab in adult patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2018; 42:426–32.e1.