Restor Dent Endod.  2021 Aug;46(3):e36. 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e36.

Comparative evaluation of Emblica officinalis as an etchant and an MMP inhibitor with orthophosphoric acid and chlorhexidine on the microshear bond strength of composite resin: an ex vivo study

• Rajkumar DS
• Mariswamy AB

• KMID: 2548080
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e36

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry or amla) as an acid etchant and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, and to compare its effect on the microshear bond strength of composite resin with orthophosphoric acid (OPA) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as an acid etchant and MMP inhibitor, respectively.
Materials and Methods
The etching effect and MMP-inhibiting action of amla on dentin samples were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gelatin zymography, respectively. Dentinal slabs (3 mm thick) from 80 extracted human molars were divided into 10 and 20 samples to form 2 control groups and 3 experimental groups. Groups 1, 2, and 4 were etched with OPA and groups 3 and 5 with amla juice. An MMP inhibitor was then applied: CHX for group 2 and amla extract for groups 4 and 5. Groups 1 and 3 received no MMP inhibitor. All specimens received a standardized bonding protocol and composite resin build-up, and were subjected to microshear bond strength testing. The force at which the fracture occurred was recorded and statistically analyzed.
Results
Amla juice had a similar etching effect as a self-etch adhesive in SEM and 100% amla extract was found to inhibit MMP-9 by gelatin zymography. The microshear bond strength values of amla were lower than those obtained for OPA and CHX, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusions
Amla has a promising role as an acid etchant and MMP inhibitor, but further studies are necessary to substantiate its efficacy.

Keyword

Amla; Chlorhexidine; Gelatin zymography; Matrix metalloproteinases; Microshear bond strength; Scanning electron microscopy

Figure

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  Figure 1 Study group distribution.OPA, 37% orthophosphoric acid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.

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  Figure 2 Scanning electron microscopic images evaluating and comparing the etching effect of 37% OPA with pure amla juice on dentin samples at ×5,000 magnification. (A) Etched with 37% OPA. (B) Etched with pure amla juice.OPA, orthophosphoric acid.

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  Figure 3 Effective concentration at which amla extract acts as an matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor as determined using gelatin zymography.Lane 1, untreated mineralized dentin powder (negative control); Lane 2, dentin powder demineralized with 1% OPA for 10 minutes at 4ºC (positive control); Lane 3, dentin powder demineralized with 1% OPA for 10 minutes at 4ºC and then incubated with 50% amla extract for 30 minutes; Lane 4, dentin powder demineralized with 1% OPA for 10 minutes at 4ºC and then incubated with 100% amla extract for 30 minutes.OPA, orthophosphoric acid.

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  Figure 4 Scanning electron microscopic images evaluating and comparing different etchants and MMP inhibitors at ×5,000 magnification. (A) Etched with 37% OPA followed by 2% CHX as an MMP inhibitor. (B) Etched with 37% OPA followed by 100% amla extract as an MMP inhibitor. (C) Etched with pure amla juice followed by 100% amla extract as an MMP inhibitor.OPA, orthophosphoric acid; CHX, chlorhexidine; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.

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  Figure 5 Comparison of mean microshear bond strength values between the control and experimental groups.Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences.

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