J Korean Med Sci.  2022 Dec;37(48):e342. 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e342.

COVID-19 Sequelae and Their Implications on Social Services

• Kim SG
• Kwon HC
• Kang TK
• Kwak MY
• Lee S
• Lee K
• Ko K

• KMID: 2536733
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e342

Abstract

Background
The impact of persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms on quality of life remains unclear. This study aimed to describe such persistent symptoms and their relationships with quality of life, including clinical frailty and subjective health status.
Methods
A prospective longitudinal 3-month follow-up survey monitored symptoms, health quality, support needs, frailty, and employment.
Results
A total of 82 patients with a mean age of 52 years (ranging from 23–84 years) were enrolled, including 48 (58.6%) men, and 34 (41.5%) women. The fully active status decreased from 87.8% before admission to 78.1% post discharge. Two patients (2.4%) were ambulatory and capable of all self-care but unable to carry out any work-related activities 12 weeks after discharge. Clinical frailty scale (CFS) levels 1, 2, 3 and 4 changed drastically between admission and 12 weeks later after discharge. Just after admission, the median EuroQol visual analogue scales (EQ-VAS) was 82.23 (± 14.38), and it decreased to 78.10 (± 16.02) 12 weeks after discharge; 62 (75.6%) of patients reported at least one symptom 12 weeks after discharge. The most frequent symptom was fatigue followed by smell disorder, anxiety, sleep disorder, headache, depressive mood, dyspnea, and taste disorder. CFS was definitively associated with fatigue. Decreased EQ-VAS was associated with fatigue and palpitation, cough, taste disorder, and chest pain. EQ-VAS was worse in women (28%) than in men. Compared with regular outpatient clinic visits before admission, 21 patients (25.6%) reported increased outpatient clinic visits, one (1.4%) reported readmission, and one (1.4%) reported emergency room visits. Six of the 54 (77.1%) patients who were employed before admission lost their jobs. And most vulnerable type was self-employed, because three selfemployed job workers were not working at 12 weeks after discharge.
Conclusion
COVID-19 sequelae should not be underestimated. We find a decrease in health quality and increase in psychological problems in discharged COVID-19 patients, and some patients experience unemployment. The number of patients suffering from COVID-19 sequelae would not be negligible considering there are more than one million COVID-19 infection cases in Korea. Hence, the government should start a systematic monitoring system for discharged patients and prepare timely medical and social interventions accordingly.

Keyword

Long COVID-19; COVID-19 Sequelae; Clinical Frailty Scale; Care; Clinical Frailty

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Flow chart. Consecutive 82 COVID-19 patients who completed the interview at 12 weeks after discharge.COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.

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  Fig. 2 Relationship of persistent symptoms and changes in QoL-related measures (EQ-VAS, CFS, and ECOG).EQ-VAS = EuroQol visual analogue scale, CFS = clinical frailty scale, ECOG = eastern cooperative oncology group.

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