Nutr Res Pract.  2021 Oct;15(5):541-554. 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.5.541.

Combined effects of soy isoflavone and lecithin on bone loss in ovariectomized mice

• Kim SB
• Assefa F
• Lee SJ
• Park EK
• Kim SS

• KMID: 2520657
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2021.15.5.541

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Isoflavones (ISFs) are effective in preventing bone loss, but not effective enough to prevent osteoporosis. Mixtures of soy ISF and lecithin (LCT) were prepared and characterized in an attempt to improve the bone loss.
MATERIALS/METHODS
The daidzein (DZ) and genistein (GN) solubility in soy ISF were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The change in the crystalline characteristics of soy ISF in LCT was evaluated using X-ray diffraction analysis. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to evaluate and compare ISF bioavailability. Animal studies with ovariectomized (OVX) mice were carried out to estimate the effects on bone loss. The Student's t-test was used to evaluate statistical significance.
RESULTS
The solubility of DZ and GN in LCT was 125.6 and 9.7 mg/L, respectively, which were approximately 25 and 7 times higher, respectively, than those in water. The bioavailability determined by the area under the curve of DZ for the oral administration (400 mg/kg) of soy ISF alone and the soy ISF-LCT mixture was 13.19 and 16.09 µg·h/mL, respectively. The bone mineral density of OVX mice given soy ISF-LCT mixtures at ISF doses of 60 and 100 mg/kg daily was 0.189 ± 0.020 and 0.194 ± 0.010 g/mm³ , respectively, whereas that of mice given 100 mg/kg soy ISF was 0.172 ± 0.028 g/mm³ . The number of osteoclasts per bone perimeter was reduced by the simultaneous administration of soy ISF and LCT.
CONCLUSIONS
The effect of preventing bone loss and osteoclast formation by ingesting soy ISF and LCT at the same time was superior to soy ISF alone as the bioavailability of ISF may have been improved by the emulsification and solvation of LCT. These results suggest the possibility of using the combination of soy ISF and LCT to prevent osteoporosis.

Keyword

Isoflavones; lecithin; bone; bone density

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Solubility of ISFs DZ and GN in different lipids and surfactants.ISF, isoflavone; DW, distilled water; OA, oleic acid; TP, tocopherols; PO, perilla oil; SO, safflower oil; OM3, omega-3 oil; T, Tween; LC, liquid chromatography; DZ, daidzein; GN, genistein.

• 

  Fig. 2 X-ray diffraction patterns of BI powder, SL mixtures with 1% (1% BI in SL) and 50% (50% BI in SL) BI, and SL.BI, bio-isoflavone; SL, soy lecithin.

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  Fig. 3 Changes in the absolute viscosity of soy lecithin by the addition of OM3 and SOs.OM3, omega-3 oil; SO, safflower oil.

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  Fig. 4 Dependence of the solubility of ISFs DZ and GN in SL (DZ in SL; GN in SL) and SL/SO (8:2) (DZ in SL/SO; GN in SL/SO) on temperature.ISF, isoflavone; DZ, daidzein; SL, soy lecithin; GN, genistein; SO, safflower oil.

• 

  Fig. 5 Time profiles of total plasma DZ following the oral administration of bio-isoflavone suspended in distilled water (400 mg/kg, BIP-400) and soy isoflavone/safflower oil (8:2) (400 mg/kg, BIL-400). Each data value is expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6).DZ, daidzein.

• 

  Fig. 6 Micro-computed tomography scanning of tibial trabecular bone of Sham and OVX mice after 4-week treatment with BI powder (100 mg/kg, BIP-100) and mixtures of BI (60 and 100 mg/kg) and soy lecithin/safflower oil (BIL-60 and BIL-100).OVX, ovariectomized; BI, bio-isoflavone.

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  Fig. 7 Optical micrographs of tibial trabecular bone stained with hematoxylin and eosin (upper) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (lower) for histomorphometric analysis.OVX, ovariectomized.

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  Fig. 8 Results of N. OC/B. Pm. quantified in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections. Each data value is expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 8).N. OC/B. Pm, the number of osteoclasts per bone perimeter; OVX, ovariectomized.***P < 0.001 compared to the OVX group.

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